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The Origins of British Pub Names
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Origins of British Pub Names

Pubs remain a prominent feature of the rural and urban landscapes of Britain, but their names very often date back to medieval times. Red lions, white horses, and colourful characters peer from pub signs as landlords choose names to represent...
Greek vases: names, shapes and functions
Article by Jan van der Crabben

Greek vases: names, shapes and functions

The system of names used today for Greek vases has quite rightly been described by one leading scholar as 'chaotic'. Many of the names were first applied in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by scholars who tried to fit the names of...
Cuneiform Tablet Listing the Names of Old Babylonian Kings
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Cuneiform Tablet Listing the Names of Old Babylonian Kings

This clay tablet mentions the names of the kings of Babylon (genealogy of the Hammurabi's dynasty) as far as the reign of Ammiditana (reigned 1683-1647 BCE). The list also mentions the names of several Amorite tribal ancestors, to whose spirits...
Calligraphic Names of Rashidun Caliphs in Hagia Sophia
Image by Belt93

Calligraphic Names of Rashidun Caliphs in Hagia Sophia

Four medals showing beautifully designed names of the first four Rashidun Caliphs Abu Bakr (r. 632 - 634 CE), Umar (634 - 644 CE), Uthman (644 - 656 CE) and Ali (656 - 661 CE). In the Dome of the New Mosque, in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul...
List of Place Names from Jemdet Nasr
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

List of Place Names from Jemdet Nasr

Apprentice scribes learned the writing system through lists of related signs, like this one dealing with place names. The tablet was partially repaired from fragments; there 3 columns of inscriptions on either side. From Jemdet Nasr, Southern...
Papyrus Scroll with Farmers Names
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Papyrus Scroll with Farmers Names

This papyrus scroll is written in the Greek language and mentions a list of farmers; the number and size of land given to them were mentioned. In addition, the list also included fishermen, flute players, threshers, millers, sheep breeders...
A Roman Trail in the Moselle Valley
Article by Carole Raddato

A Roman Trail in the Moselle Valley

The Moselle Valley is Germany's oldest winegrowing region. The Romans brought viticulture to this area and planted vines along the Moselle River 2000 years ago. After settling the region c. 50 BCE and establishing the city of Trier (Augusta...
Formulas for Year Names of the Kings of Ur
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Formulas for Year Names of the Kings of Ur

This fragment of a clay tablet mentions certain formulas of naming years depending on major historical events. From Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq. Early dynastic period, 2800-2300 BCE. The Sulaimaniya Museum, Iraq.
Roman Literature
Definition by Donald L. Wasson

Roman Literature

The Roman Empire and its predecessor the Roman Republic produced an abundance of celebrated literature; poetry, comedies, dramas, histories, and philosophical tracts; the Romans avoided tragedies. Much of it survives to this day. However...
Roman Religion
Definition by Donald L. Wasson

Roman Religion

In many societies, ancient and modern, religion has performed a major role in their development, and the Roman Empire was no different. From the beginning Roman religion was polytheistic. From an initial array of gods and spirits, Rome added...
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