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Definition
Hedeby
Hedeby (Old Norse: Heiðabýr; German: Haithabu) was an important stronghold in Viking Age Denmark from the 8th-11th centuries CE and, along with Birka in present-day Sweden, it was the most important Viking trading center in Europe. During...

Definition
Catherine the Great
Catherine II of Russia (Catherine the Great) was empress regent of Russia from 1762-1796. She was born in Prussia to Prince Christian August of Anhalt-Zerbst (1690-1747) and Princess Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp (1712-1760), and...

Interview
Interview: Dithmarschen Republic
Located in what is the present-day German province of Schleswig-Holstein, the Dithmarschen Republic (1227-1559) was a republic by commoners who developed quasi-democratic institutions, including their own written constitution. Fiercely independent...

Article
4 Women of the French Revolution
The French Revolution (1789-1799) sought to dismantle the oppressive society of the old regime and build a new world based on the principles of "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity". This push for societal change led to a burgeoning feminist movement...

Image
Viking Age Oval Brooches from Hedeby
Two Viking Age oval brooches - also known as tortoise brooches - which were used in a practical way by women to pin up the straps of their overdresses but were often decorated. They came in pairs - one for each dress strap - and are often...

Image
Reconstructed Viking Houses at Hedeby
Reconstructed Viking houses from the Viking Age trading centre of Hedeby (also known as Haithabu in German) in what used to be part of the Danish Vikings' territory. It now lies in Germany, near the city of Schleswig on the Jutland peninsula...

Image
Osterby Man
The "Osterby Man" was found in a peat bog in 1948 near Osterby, Germany, and has been dated to between 75 and 130 CE. He sports a Suebian knot, a hairstyle associated with the Suebi (Alemanni). State Archaeological Museum at Gottorf Castle...

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Site of the Viking Town Hedeby
Site of the Viking trading centre of Hedeby, which flourished under the Danish Vikings from the 8th-11th centuries CE and lies in present-day northern Germany, near the city of Schleswig. Archaeological excavations are ongoing but the Hedeby...

Definition
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire officially lasted from 962 to 1806. It was one of Europe’s largest medieval and early modern states, but its power base was unstable and continually shifting. The Holy Roman Empire was not a unitary state, but a confederation...

Definition
The Saxons
The Saxons were a Germanic people of the region north of the Elbe River stretching from Holstein (in modern-day Germany) to the North Sea. The Saxons who migrated to Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries CE along with the Angles, Frisians...