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King Mongkut of Siam in State Robes
A photograph of Mongkut (also called Phrachomklao, posthumous name Rama IV) King of Siam (r. 1851 – 1868 CE). This photograph has been taken from a glass negative by John Thomson (1837 - 1921 CE) in 1866 CE and shows King Mongkut in state...

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Bangkok's Portuguese Past
Any itinerary for a visit to Bangkok, Thailand would include some of the city's must-see historical and cultural sights: The 24-hour flower market (Pak Khlong Talat) filled to the brim with jasmine-scented garlands, fragrant carnations...

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Ayutthaya: Venice of the East
The royal city of Ayutthaya (ah-you-tah-ya) was a small kingdom in Siam (modern Thailand), and it was an unrivalled commercial and maritime power from 1350-1767 CE. Ayutthaya became the second capital of Siam in 1438 CE when it absorbed the...

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How an Adventure-loving American Saved the Thai Silk Industry
Bangkok was once more commonly known as the Venice of the East due to the intricate network of waterways that crisscrossed the city in the 19th century CE. There were few roads in the 1800s CE so the city's inhabitants travelled and traded...

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Narai Observatory
An illustration of astronomers observing a solar eclipse at the Narai Observatory in the Kingdom of Siam (Thailand) in the 1680s. From "Three Military Accounts of the 1688 Revolution in Siam" by Michael Smithies.

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Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns (UNESCO/NHK)
Sukhothai was the capital of the first Kingdom of Siam in the 13th and 14th centuries A.D.. It has a number of fine monuments, illustrating the beginnings of Thai architecture. The great civilization which evolved in the Kingdom of Sukhothai...

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Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns (UNESCO/TBS)
Sukhothai was the capital of the first Kingdom of Siam in the 13th and 14th centuries. It has a number of fine monuments, illustrating the beginnings of Thai architecture. The great civilization which evolved in the Kingdom of Sukhothai absorbed...

Definition
Dutch East India Company
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was formed in 1602 by the Staten-Generaal (States General) of the then Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The company was granted a 21-year charter with rights to trade exclusively in Asia and to...

Definition
Portuguese Macao
Macao (Macau) is located on a peninsula in the estuary of the Pearl River delta in southeast China and it was a Portuguese colonial settlement from c. 1557 until 1999. Macao was a major trade hub of the Portuguese Empire and with its unique...

Definition
Portuguese Malacca
The Portuguese colonised Malacca (modern Melaka) on the southwest coast of the Malay peninsula from 1511 and kept it until 1641 when the Dutch took over. The port controlled the Malay Straits which lead from the Indian Ocean (the Andaman...