Ancient Japan has made unique contributions to world culture which include the Shinto religion and its architecture, distinctive art objects such as haniwa figurines, the oldest pottery vessels in the world, the largest wooden buildings anywhere at their time of construction, and many literary classics including the world's first novel. Although Japan was significantly influenced by China and Korea, the islands were never subject to foreign political control and so were free to select those ideas which appealed to them, adapt them how they wished, and to continue with their indigenous cultural practices to create a unique approach to government, religion, and the arts.
More about: Ancient JapanDefinition
Timeline
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c. 14500 BCE - c. 300 BCEJomon Period in Japan.
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660 BCE - 585 BCETraditional reign dates of Emperor Jimmu, Japan's first emperor.
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c. 300 BCE - c. 250 CEThe Yayoi Period in ancient Japan.
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97 BCE - 30 BCEPossible reign dates of Japan's Emperor Sujin.
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4 BCETraditional founding date of the Ise Grand Shrine in honour of the Shinto goddess Amaterasu.
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c. 82 CEContact between Han China and Yayoi Japan.
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c. 183 CE - 248 CELife of Queen Himiko of Japan.
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c. 189 CE - 248 CEThe reign of Queen Himiko.
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238 CEQueen Himiko of Japan sends a tribute delegation to China.
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c. 250 CE - 538 CEThe Kofun Period in ancient Japan.
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c. 250 CE - 710 CEThe Yamato Period in ancient Japan, consisting of the Kofun Period and Asuka Period.
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c. 300 CE - c. 700 CEHaniwa terracotta figurines are placed outside Japanese mound tombs or kofun.
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366 CEJapan establishes diplomatic relations with Korea.
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413 CE - 478 CEJapanese kings send ambassadors and tribute to China.
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c. 531 CE - 571 CEReign of Emperor Kimmei in Japan.
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535 CE - 539 CEReign of Emperor Senka in Japan.
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538 CE - 710 CEThe Asuka Period in ancient Japan.
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538 CEAlternative date to 552 CE for the introduction of Buddhism to Japan from Korea.
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552 CETraditional date for the introduction of Buddhism to Japan from Korea.
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572 CE - 585 CEReign of Emperor Bidatsu in Japan.
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585 CE - 587 CEReign of Emperor Yomei in Japan.
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587 CE - 592 CEReign of Emperor Sushun in Japan.
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587 CEThe Soga clan establish control of government in Japan.
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592 CE - 628 CEReign of Empress Suiko, Japan's first empress.
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593 CEThe Buddhist Gango-ji temple, the oldest in Japan, is founded at Asuka.
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593 CEThe Shitennoji Buddhist temple is built in Japan.
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594 CE - 622 CEReign of Prince Shotoku as regent for Japanese Empress Suiko.
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596 CEThe Hokoji Buddhist temple is built in Japan.
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604 CEPrince Shotoku draws up his Seventeen Article Constitution in Japan.
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c. 607 CEPrince Shotoku of Japan sends the first of many official embassies to Sui China.
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607 CEThe Horyuji Buddhist temple is built in Nara, Japan during the reign of Regent Prince Shotoku.
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629 CE - 641 CEReign of Emperor Jomei in Japan.
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642 CE - 645 CEReign of Empress Kogyoku in Japan.
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645 CE - 654 CEReign of Emperor Kotoku in Japan.
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645 CEThe Fujiwara clan in Japan is founded by Fujiwara no Kamatari.
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645 CEThe Japanese capital is moved from Asuka to Naniwa.
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645 CEFujiwara no Kamatari leads a coup d'etat in Japan, removing the Soga clan from power.
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655 CE - 661 CEReign of Empress Saimei in Japan.
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661 CE - 671 CEReign of Emperor Tenji in Japan.
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671 CE - 672 CEReign of Emperor Kobun in Japan.
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671 CE - 672 CEThe Jinshin Incident in Japan which establishes Temmu as emperor.
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672 CE - 686 CEReign of Emperor Temmu in Japan.
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680 CEYakushiji temple is founded in Fujiwara-kyo.
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686 CE - 697 CEReign of Empress Jito in Japan.
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694 CE - 710 CEFujiwarakyo is made the Japanese capital.
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697 CE - 707 CEReign of Emperor Mommu in Japan.
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707 CE - 715 CEReign of Empress Gemmei in Japan.
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708 CEJapan's first coinage, the Wado kaiho, is introduced.
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710 CEThe Buddhist Kofukuji temple is established at Nara, main temple of the Japanese Fujiwara clan.
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710 CE - 784 CENara is the capital of ancient Japan.
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710 CE - 794 CEThe Nara Period in ancient Japan.
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710 CEThe Japanese capital is moved from Fujiwara-kyo to Nara (aka Heijokyo).
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711 CEThe Fushimi Inari shrine, dedicated to the Shinto rice god Inari, is founded near Kyoto.
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712 CEThe Kojiki is written, a collection of oral myths forming the basis of the Shinto religion.
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713 CEThe Japanese Fudoki are composed and record local kami and associated legends.
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715 CE - 724 CEReign of Empress Gensho in Japan.
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720 CEThe Nihon Shoki is written, a collection of oral myths forming the basis of the Shinto religion.
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724 CE - 749 CEReign of Emperor Shomu in Japan.
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725 CEThe Usa shrine is founded in northern Kyushu and dedicated to the Shinto god Hachiman.
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735 CE - 737 CEJapan suffers two smallpox epidemics which kills 25-35% of the population.
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740 CEA rebellion led by the Fujiwara exile Hirotsugu is quashed by Emperor Shomu.
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749 CE - 758 CEFirst reign of Empress Koken in Japan.
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751 CEThe Kaifuso anthology of Japanese poems is compiled.
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752 CEThe Buddhist Todaiji temple is founded at Nara, Japan.
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758 CE - 764 CEReign of emperor Junnin in Japan.
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c. 759 CEThe Manyoshu or 'Collection of 10,000 Leaves' is written, an important Shinto source and classic of Japanese poetry.
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764 CE - 770 CESecond reign of Empress Koken, now known as Shotoku, in Japan.
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767 CE - 822 CELife of Saicho, founder of Tendai Buddhism in Japan.
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768 CEOfficial founding date of the Kasuga Taisha Shinto shrine at Nara, Japan.
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770 CE - 781 CEReign of Emperor Konin in Japan.
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774 CE - 835 CELife of the monk Kukai (aka Kobo Daishi), founder of Shingon Buddhism in Japan.
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781 CE - 806 CEReign of Emperor Kammu in Japan.
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784 CEEmperor Kammu moves the Japanese capital from Nara to Nagaokakyo.
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785 CESaicho establishes the first Buddhist shrine at what would become the Enryakuji temple complex on Mt. Hiei, Japan.
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c. 793 CE - 864 CELife of Ennin, the Buddhist scholar-monk and abbot of Enryakuji, who brought many esoteric teachings from China to Japan.n
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794 CE - 1185 CEThe Heian Period in ancient Japan.
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794 CEJapanese Emperor Kammu sends an expedition led by Otomo no Otomaro against the Emishi.
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794 CEEmperor Kammu builds the Shinto Herano shrine at Heiankyo (Kyoto).
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796 CEThe Buddhist To-ji temple near Heiankyo (Kyoto), Japan is founded.
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801 CEJapanese Emperor Kammu sends an expedition led by Sakanoue no Tamuramaro against the Emishi.
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806 CEThe Shinto shrine of Fujisan Hongu Sengen Taisha is built on Mount Fuji.
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c. 807 CEImibe-no-Hironari writes the Kogoshui, a collection of oral myths forming the basis of the Shinto religion.
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819 CEKukai (Kobo Daishi) establishes a monastery and headquarters for Shingon Buddhism on Mount Koya in Japan.
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826 CEA five-storey pagoda is added to the To-ji temple complex in Heiankyo (Kyoto).
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838 CELast Japanese embassy to China during the Heian Period.
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845 CE - 903 CELife of the deified scholar and court official Sugawara no Michizane, aka Tenjin.
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866 CEFujiwara no Yoshifusa becomes the first Japanese regent not of royal blood.
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874 CEThe Buddhist Daigoji temple is founded by Shobo at Heiankyo (Kyoto).
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897 CE - 930 CEReign of Japan's Emperor Daigo.
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947 CEThe Tenmangu Kitano shrine is founded in honour of Sugawara no Michizane, aka Tenjin.
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995 CEFujiwara no Michinaga becomes the Fujiwara clan leader in Japan.
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c. 1002 CESei Shonagon completes The Pillow Book, a Japanese classic describing court life during the Heian Period.
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c. 1004 CEJapanese poet Izumi Shikibu writes her 'Izumi Shikibu Diary'.
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c. 1020 CEThe Tale of Genji is completed by Murasaki Shikibu in Japan.
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1042 CE - 1103 CELife of the legendary Japanese warrior Minamoto no Yoshiie.
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1046 CEYorinobu claims Hachiman patron god and founder of the Minamoto clan in Japan.
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1052 CEThe Buddhist temple site Byodo-in is founded in Japan by Fujiwara no Yorimichi.
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1073 CE - 1087 CEReign of Emperor Shirakawa in Japan.
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1073 CE - 1087 CEReign of Japan's Emperor Shirakawa.
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1147 CE - 1199 CELife of Minamoto no Yoritomo, clan leader of the Minamoto and first shogun of Japan.
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1156 CEHogen Disturbance in Japan.
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1160 CEHeiji Disturbance in Japan.
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1180 CETaira forces defeat an army led by Minamoto no Yorimasa.
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1180 CE - 1185 CEThe Genpei War in Japan between the Taira and Minamoto clans.
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1181 CETaira forces defeat an army led by Minamoto no Yukie.
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1183 CEKiso Yoshinaka defeats a large Taira army at Kurikara in Etchu and occupies the Japanese capital Heiankyo (Kyoto).
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