Excalibur is the sword of King Arthur in Sir Thomas Malory's iconic work Le Morte D'Arthur published in in 1485 CE. The sword was originally introduced in Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain (1136 CE) as Caliburnus (or Caliburn) and further developed by later writers before Malory immortalized it in his work. The sword, from its first appearance, is a powerful weapon in the hands of a skilled warrior and retains that reputation in every story which features it.
More about: ExcaliburDefinition
Timeline
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c. 460 CE - c. 560 CEProbable dates for historical Arthur, King of the Britons.
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c. 830 CEWelsh Historian Nennius first mentions Arthur as king and hero of Battle of Badon Hill.
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c. 1095 CE - c. 1143 CELife of historian William of Malmesbury who mentions Arthur as war-chief of Britons, not king.
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c. 1130 CE - c. 1190 CELife of French Poet Chretien de Troyes who introduces Grail Quest, Lancelot, and other elements to Arthurian Legend; calls sword Escalibur.
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1136 CEGeoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain introduces Arthurian Legend and Arthur's sword as Caliburn.
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c. 1160 CEFrench Poet Wace develops Arthurian Legend further, adds Round Table, calls sword Chaliburn.
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c. 1170 CE - c. 1220 CELife of German Poet Wolfram von Eschenbach who develops Arthurian Legend in his poem Parzival.
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c. 1190 CEFrench Poet Robert de Boron develops Arthurian Legend further including Grail Quest, Merlin, Sword in the Stone.
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c. 1190 CE - c. 1220 CELayamon translates Arthurian Legends into English.
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c. 1200 CEThe Welsh Mabinogion influences development of Arthurian Legend.
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c. 1210 CEGottfried von Strassburg writes Tristan, contributes to Arthurian Legend.
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c. 1215 CE - c. 1235 CEThe Vulgate Cycle of the Arthurian Legend composed in English Prose; Arthur's sword is Excalibur.
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c. 1469 CESir Thomas Malory composes Le Morte D'Arthur, definitive version of Arthurian Legend including Excalibur as the king's sword.
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1485 CELe Morte D'Arthur published by William Caxton, becomes instant best-seller popularizing Arthurian Legend.
