The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a state created in 1099 CE by Crusaders and western settlers after the First Crusade (1095-1102 CE). With Jerusalem as its capital, the kingdom was the most important of the four Crusader States in the Middle East, known collectively as the Latin East or Outremer. Relatively prosperous for two centuries as Europeans created a new life for themselves in a narrow strip of land on the eastern Mediterranean coast, it was, nevertheless, constantly troubled by political disunity and the threat of invasion. Several crusades could not save the kingdom, even though it limped on after the loss of Jerusalem in 1187 CE and the move of the capital to Acre. The kingdom was finally abolished and absorbed into Muslim Mamluk territories in 1291 CE.
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Timeline
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1095 - 1102The First Crusade is formed to recapture Jerusalem for Christendom. It is successful in its primary aim.
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15 Jul 1099Jerusalem is captured during the First Crusade.
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10 Aug 1099A Muslim army is sent to recapture Jerusalem but is defeated by the Crusaders at the battle of Ascalon.
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Sep 1099The Crusader state, the Kingdom of Jerusalem is created.
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17 May 1101Caesarea is captured by the Crusaders.
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26 May 1101Acre is captured by the Crusaders.
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1120Baldwin II gives the Knights Templar his palace at Temple Mount Jerusalem for use as their headquarters.
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1147 - 1149The Second Crusade is launched to recapture Edessa for Christendom. It is not successful.
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Jul 1149A new Church of the Holy Sepulchre is completed in Jerusalem.
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3 Jul 1187 - 4 Jul 1187Saladin defeats the Franks army at the Battle of Hattin.
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Sep 1187Saladin captures Jerusalem.
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1189 - 1192The Third Crusade is formed with the aim of recapturing Jerusalem for Christendom. Although some cities were recaptured, Jerusalem was not one of them.
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Aug 1189 - Jul 1191The siege of Acre during the Third Crusade.
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Jan 1192The Crusader army led by Richard I of England arrives within sight of Jerusalem but decides not to attack for fear of a counter-attack by Saladin.
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28 Apr 1192Conrad of Montferrat, king of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, is murdered by the Assassins.
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Jul 1192Saladin takes Jaffa during the Third Crusade.
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Aug 1192Richard I of England retakes Jaffa from Saladin during the Third Crusade.
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1228 - 1229The Sixth Crusade is formed by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. It achieves through diplomacy Christian control of Jerusalem.
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18 Feb 1229The Treaty of Jaffa is signed between Frederick II and al-Kamil to hand over Jerusalem to Christian rule.
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1291With the fall of Acre, the Crusader States, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem, are absorbed into the Mamluk Sultanate.
