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Cosmetics, Perfume, & Hygiene in Ancient Egypt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Cosmetics, Perfume, & Hygiene in Ancient Egypt

For the ancient Egyptians life was a celebration, and so, just as one would want to look one's best at any party, personal hygiene was an important cultural value. The Egyptians bathed daily, shaved their heads to prevent lice or other problems...
Women's Work in Ancient Egypt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Women's Work in Ancient Egypt

Women in ancient Egypt had greater rights than in any other civilization of the time. They could own land, initiate divorce, own and operate their own business, become scribes, priests, seers, dentists, and doctors. Although men were dominant...
The Tales of Prince Setna
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Tales of Prince Setna

Among the most engaging and influential works from Egyptian literature are the stories in the cycle known as Setna I and Setna II or The Tales of Prince Setna. These are fictional works from the Late Period of Ancient Egypt (525-332 BCE...
Ghosts in Ancient Japan
Article by Mark Cartwright

Ghosts in Ancient Japan

Ghosts (obake or yurei) appear in ancient Japanese folklore and literature, usually in moral tales designed to both warn and entertain but they were also an important element of ancestor worship. If the deceased members of a family were not...
Spiritual Defense - Execration Rituals in Ancient Egypt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Spiritual Defense - Execration Rituals in Ancient Egypt

Magic was an integral aspect of life in ancient Egypt. The world was created through the power of heka (magic) as Atum stood on the primordial mound of the ben-ben in the middle of the endless waters of chaos with the god Heka, who personified...
Death in Ancient Egypt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Death in Ancient Egypt

To the ancient Egyptians, death was not the end of life but only the beginning of the next phase in an individual's eternal journey. There was no word in ancient Egyptian which corresponds to the concept of "death" as usually defined, as...
Grave Goods in Ancient Egypt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Grave Goods in Ancient Egypt

The concept of the afterlife changed in different eras of Egypt's very long history, but for the most part, it was imagined as a paradise where one lived eternally. To the Egyptians, their country was the most perfect place which had been...
Sources of History
Article by Emma Groeneveld

Sources of History

History (from the Greek ἱστορία, meaning 'a learning or knowing by inquiry') can be broadly taken to indicate the past in general but is usually defined as the study of the past from the point at which there were written sources onwards...
Stories from the Westcar Papyrus
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Stories from the Westcar Papyrus

The Westcar Papyrus, dated to the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt (1782 - c.1570 BCE), but most likely written during the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE), contains some of the most interesting tales from ancient Egypt. The papyrus takes...
Games, Sports & Recreation in Ancient Egypt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Games, Sports & Recreation in Ancient Egypt

Although the ancient Egyptians are often depicted as death-obsessed and dour, they actually had a great appreciation for life and their culture reflected their belief in existence as an eternal journey imbued with magic. Life was a gift from...
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