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Agriculture in the British Industrial Revolution
Article by Mark Cartwright

Agriculture in the British Industrial Revolution

Agriculture, like most other areas of working life, was greatly affected by the machines invented during the Industrial Revolution. Agriculture in Britain and elsewhere had made leaps forward in the 18th century, and its success released...
Festivals in Ancient Mesopotamia
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Festivals in Ancient Mesopotamia

Festivals in ancient Mesopotamia honored the patron deity of a city-state or the primary god of the city that controlled a region or empire. The earliest, the Akitu festival, was first observed in Sumer in the Early Dynastic Period (2900-2334...
Interview: Gods of Thunder by Tim Pauketat
Interview by Kelly Macquire

Interview: Gods of Thunder by Tim Pauketat

Join World History Encyclopedia as they chat with Tim Pauketat all about his new book Gods of Thunder: How Climate Change, Travel, and Spirituality Reshaped Precolonial America, published by Oxford University Press. Kelly: Thank you...
Enlil in the E-kur
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Enlil in the E-kur

Enlil in the E-Kur (c. 2000 BCE) is a Sumerian hymn praising the sky god Enlil, his temple/ziggurat at Nippur, and his consort Ninlil, depicting all three in glowing terms and Enlil as a creator-god. The piece is highly regarded as an important...
The Splendours of Roman Algeria
Article by Carole Raddato

The Splendours of Roman Algeria

Algeria, Africa's largest country, stretches from the Mediterranean coastline to the Saharan desert interior. The country has some of the finest and most diverse Roman sites, including Timgad and Djémila, both well-preserved and UNESCO-listed...
Ancient Mesopotamian Ghost Spell
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient Mesopotamian Ghost Spell

Medicine in ancient Mesopotamia was based on the belief that illness was caused by supernatural agencies and, although medicines were given and injuries treated, magical spells and incantations were also understood as effective. Among these...
The Textile Industry in the British Industrial Revolution
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Textile Industry in the British Industrial Revolution

During the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840), textile production was transformed from a cottage industry to a highly mechanised one where workers were present only to make sure the carding, spinning, and weaving machines never stopped. Driven...
Burial in Ancient Mesopotamia
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Burial in Ancient Mesopotamia

Burial in ancient Mesopotamia was the practice of interring a corpse in a grave or tomb while observing certain rites, primarily to ensure the passage of the soul of the deceased to the underworld and prevent its return to haunt the living...
Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge

Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge is a Sumerian poem dated to the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2029-1982 BCE) celebrating the caulking of the barge of the goddess Ninlil, consort of the sky god Enlil, and the banquet held in the couple's honor by Shulgi...
Interview: Ave Caesar! Romans, Gauls and Germanic tribes on the Banks of the Rhine
Interview by James Blake Wiener

Interview: Ave Caesar! Romans, Gauls and Germanic tribes on the Banks of the Rhine

In ancient times, the Rhine was a major communications artery stretching right across Europe, allowing trade, contacts, and cultural exchange between different regions. Then as now, the river was of immense importance strategically for controlling...
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