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The Splendours of Roman Algeria
Article by Carole Raddato

The Splendours of Roman Algeria

Algeria, Africa's largest country, stretches from the Mediterranean coastline to the Saharan desert interior. The country has some of the finest and most diverse Roman sites, including Timgad and Djémila, both well-preserved and UNESCO-listed...
Ancient Mesopotamian Ghost Spell
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient Mesopotamian Ghost Spell

Medicine in ancient Mesopotamia was based on the belief that illness was caused by supernatural agencies and, although medicines were given and injuries treated, magical spells and incantations were also understood as effective. Among these...
The Textile Industry in the British Industrial Revolution
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Textile Industry in the British Industrial Revolution

During the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840), textile production was transformed from a cottage industry to a highly mechanised one where workers were present only to make sure the carding, spinning, and weaving machines never stopped. Driven...
Burial in Ancient Mesopotamia
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Burial in Ancient Mesopotamia

Burial in ancient Mesopotamia was the practice of interring a corpse in a grave or tomb while observing certain rites, primarily to ensure the passage of the soul of the deceased to the underworld and prevent its return to haunt the living...
Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge

Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge is a Sumerian poem dated to the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2029-1982 BCE) celebrating the caulking of the barge of the goddess Ninlil, consort of the sky god Enlil, and the banquet held in the couple's honor by Shulgi...
Interview: Ave Caesar! Romans, Gauls and Germanic tribes on the Banks of the Rhine
Interview by James Blake Wiener

Interview: Ave Caesar! Romans, Gauls and Germanic tribes on the Banks of the Rhine

In ancient times, the Rhine was a major communications artery stretching right across Europe, allowing trade, contacts, and cultural exchange between different regions. Then as now, the river was of immense importance strategically for controlling...
Sargon and Ur-Zababa
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Sargon and Ur-Zababa

Sargon and Ur-Zababa is a Sumerian poem, date of composition unknown, relating the rise to power of Sargon of Akkad (r. 2334-2279 BCE), founder of the Akkadian Empire. The work is classified as a Mesopotamian folktale, relying on motifs such...
Medieval Climate Anomaly in the Americas
Article by Oxford University Press

Medieval Climate Anomaly in the Americas

To climatologists, the period of seven to twelve centuries ago was known as a "Climate Anomaly" or a "Warm Period" (800-1300 CE). To archaeologists, it was a time of great change, a period when cultural patterns were put into place that lasted...
The Legend of Sargon of Akkad
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Legend of Sargon of Akkad

The Legend of Sargon of Akkad (c. 2300 BCE) is an Akkadian work from Mesopotamia understood as the autobiography of Sargon of Akkad (Sargon the Great, r. 2334-2279 BCE), founder of the Akkadian Empire. The earliest copy is dated to the 7th...
Siege of Toulon
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Siege of Toulon

The Siege of Toulon (29 August to 19 December 1793) was a decisive military operation during the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802), conducted by a French Republican army to retake the port city of Toulon from rebels, who were supported...
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