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Prehistoric Alpine Stilt Houses
Article by Ingrid Garosi

Prehistoric Alpine Stilt Houses

Alpine stilt houses are a unique and fascinating aspect of prehistoric architecture in the Alps, which provide valuable insights into the lives and culture of the ancient communities. The houses were built by prehistoric communities living...
Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird

Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird is a Sumerian myth dated to the Ur III Period (2047-1750 BCE) featuring the hero-king of Uruk, Lugalbanda, father of Gilgamesh, in his younger years as an honorable officer in the army. Lugalbanda's purity of...
Chariot Racing in Ancient Rome
Article by Laura Kate C. McCormack

Chariot Racing in Ancient Rome

Chariot racing was very big business in ancient Rome. There was a whole industry built around the factions, the four professional stables known by their team colour – Blue, Green, Red, and White –, providing all that was required for a race...
Dialogue of Pessimism
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Dialogue of Pessimism

The Dialogue of Pessimism (c. 1000 BCE) is a Babylonian poem featuring a master and his slave in ten exchanges during which the master proposes an action, and the slave gives reasons for and against its pursuit. The piece has been interpreted...
The Debate Between Bird and Fish
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Debate Between Bird and Fish

The Debate Between Bird and Fish (c. 2000 BCE) is a Sumerian poem dated to the Ur III Period (2047-1750 BCE) when the genre of the literary debate was especially popular. The poem is the earliest extant on the theme of difficult neighbors...
Gibbon's Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire
Article by Donald L. Wasson

Gibbon's Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire

The English historian Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) wrote and published his seminal work History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire between 1776 and 1788. The dominant theme of Gibbon's six-volume work is that the fall of the Roman Empire...
Medicine in Ancient Mesopotamia
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Medicine in Ancient Mesopotamia

In ancient Mesopotamia, the gods informed every aspect of daily life including the practice of medicine. Gula, the Sumerian goddess of healing, presided over the medical arts, guiding doctors and dentists in the treatment of health problems...
Gracchus Babeuf & the Conspiracy of Equals
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Gracchus Babeuf & the Conspiracy of Equals

On 10 May 1796, in the later stages of the French Revolution (1789-1799), a group of leftwing agitators were arrested in Paris, charged with plotting to overthrow the French Directory. After a series of trials, two of them were guillotined...
Ashurbanipal's Collection of Sumerian and Babylonian Proverbs
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ashurbanipal's Collection of Sumerian and Babylonian Proverbs

Ashurbanipal's collection of Sumerian and Babylonian proverbs formed part of the famous Library of Ashurbanipal (7th century BCE) established at Nineveh for the express purpose of preserving the knowledge of the past for future generations...
Ludlul-Bel-Nemeqi
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ludlul-Bel-Nemeqi

The Ludlul-Bel-Nemeqi (c. 1700 BCE) is a Sumerian and later Babylonian poem on the theme of unjust suffering, which is thought to have influenced the biblical Book of Job. Also known as The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer, the title translates...
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