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Exploring Roman Morocco
Article by Carole Raddato

Exploring Roman Morocco

Morocco, then known as Mauretania, was annexed by the Roman Empire in 40 CE. The Romans in Morocco left a vast legacy with archaeological sites that dot the country's northern landscape, especially Volubilis, with its vestiges of Roman houses...
Battle of Ferozeshah
Article by Mark Cartwright

Battle of Ferozeshah

The Battle of Ferozeshah (aka Forezeshur) on 21-22 December 1845 was one of four major battles during the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-6) between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company (EIC). The British relentlessly attacked the...
Inanna and Su-kale-tuda
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Inanna and Su-kale-tuda

Inanna and Su-kale-tuda (c. 1800 BCE) is a Mesopotamian myth dealing with rape and justice in ancient Sumer. The work has been interpreted as an astral myth or a figurative account of the rise of the southern states against Akkad, but the...
Reformation & Repression under Bishop Briçonnet of Meaux
Article by Stephen M Davis

Reformation & Repression under Bishop Briçonnet of Meaux

As the Protestant Reformation emerged in France in the early 16th century, the city of Meaux became one of the first centers of controversy. Bishop Guillaume Briçonnet II undertook a campaign to reform the Catholic Church from within and...
The Instructions of Shuruppag
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Instructions of Shuruppag

The Instructions of Shuruppag (c. 2000 BCE) is the most famous work of the genre of Sumerian wisdom literature whose purpose was to encourage proper behavior in conformity with cultural values and standards. It is among the oldest works of...
Victorian Christmas Cards
Article by Mark Cartwright

Victorian Christmas Cards

Printed Christmas cards became popular in the Victorian period (1837-1901) thanks to a combination of cheaper printing techniques and even cheaper post, with the arrival of the Penny Black postage stamp. Coming in all shapes, sizes, and materials...
The Debate Between Sheep and Grain
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Debate Between Sheep and Grain

The Debate Between Sheep and Grain (c. 2000 BCE) is one of the best-known Sumerian literary debates in a genre that was popular entertainment by the late 3rd millennium BCE. In this piece, personifications of grain and sheep argue which is...
The Song of the Hoe
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Song of the Hoe

The Song of the Hoe is a Sumerian praise poem celebrating the hoe for its many uses and linking it to the creation of the world by the great god Enlil. As the economy of Mesopotamia was almost entirely based on agriculture, it is not surprising...
Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi

Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi is a Sumerian cradlesong from the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2029-1982 BCE) written for one of his sons. The lullaby follows a standard form of encouraging sleep through repetition coupled with the speaker's wishes...
Fall of Maximilien Robespierre
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Fall of Maximilien Robespierre

The fall of Maximilien Robespierre, or the Coup of 9 Thermidor, was a series of events that resulted in the arrests and executions of Robespierre and his allies on 27-28 July 1794. It signaled the end of the Reign of Terror, the end of Jacobin...
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