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Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven

Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven is a Sumerian poem relating the event, now famous from The Epic of Gilgamesh, in which the goddess Inanna/Ishtar sends the celestial bull to attack Gilgamesh after he has rejected her advances. The epic changes...
Battle of Sobraon
Article by Mark Cartwright

Battle of Sobraon

The Battle of Sobraon on 10 February 1846 was the last of four major victories for the British East India Company (EIC) against the Sikh Empire during the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-6). Lieutenant-General Sir Hugh Gough (1779-1869) commanded...
Gilgamesh and Huwawa
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Gilgamesh and Huwawa

Gilgamesh and Huwawa is a Sumerian poem relating the expedition of Gilgamesh and Enkidu to the Cedar Forest and the slaying of the monster-demon Huwawa. The work predates and informs The Epic of Gilgamesh in which the death of the monster...
Battle of Aliwal
Article by Mark Cartwright

Battle of Aliwal

The Battle of Aliwal on 28 January 1846 saw the British East India Company (EIC) defeat the Sikh Empire. One of four major battles during the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-6), Aliwal was a decisive victory where the EIC's Bengal Lancers cavalry...
Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld

Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld is a Sumerian poem pre-dating The Epic of Gilgamesh and featuring its central characters. It is sometimes included in modern-day translations as Book 12 but is usually omitted as it does not fit the...
Exploring Roman Morocco
Article by Carole Raddato

Exploring Roman Morocco

Morocco, then known as Mauretania, was annexed by the Roman Empire in 40 CE. The Romans in Morocco left a vast legacy with archaeological sites that dot the country's northern landscape, especially Volubilis, with its vestiges of Roman houses...
Battle of Ferozeshah
Article by Mark Cartwright

Battle of Ferozeshah

The Battle of Ferozeshah (aka Forezeshur) on 21-22 December 1845 was one of four major battles during the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-6) between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company (EIC). The British relentlessly attacked the...
Inanna and Su-kale-tuda
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Inanna and Su-kale-tuda

Inanna and Su-kale-tuda (c. 1800 BCE) is a Mesopotamian myth dealing with rape and justice in ancient Sumer. The work has been interpreted as an astral myth or a figurative account of the rise of the southern states against Akkad, but the...
Reformation & Repression under Bishop Briçonnet of Meaux
Article by Stephen M Davis

Reformation & Repression under Bishop Briçonnet of Meaux

As the Protestant Reformation emerged in France in the early 16th century, the city of Meaux became one of the first centers of controversy. Bishop Guillaume Briçonnet II undertook a campaign to reform the Catholic Church from within and...
The Instructions of Shuruppag
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Instructions of Shuruppag

The Instructions of Shuruppag (c. 2000 BCE) is the most famous work of the genre of Sumerian wisdom literature whose purpose was to encourage proper behavior in conformity with cultural values and standards. It is among the oldest works of...
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