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Pausanius' Guide To Ancient Athens
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Pausanius' Guide To Ancient Athens

Pausanius (l. 110-180 CE) was a geographer and historian who traveled extensively, taking notes on points of interest, then wrote on them in guide books which could be used by tourists visiting the sites described. His works have long been...
Psychological Intimidation at the Battle of Carrhae
Article by Patrick Scott Smith, M. A.

Psychological Intimidation at the Battle of Carrhae

Psychological intimidation in military conflict has been an art of war since ancient times. Employing misinformation, feigned movements, subtle messaging, and overt display of aggression, its employ is meant to unnerve the enemy before engagement...
Weavers, Scribes, and Kings: A New History of the Ancient Near East with Amanda H. Podany
Interview by Kelly Macquire

Weavers, Scribes, and Kings: A New History of the Ancient Near East with Amanda H. Podany

In this interview, World History Encyclopedia sits down with author and Assyriologist Amanda H. Podany to learn all about her new book Weavers, Scribes, and Kings: A New History of the Ancient Near East published by Oxford University Press...
Ghosts in Ancient Mesopotamia
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ghosts in Ancient Mesopotamia

Ghosts in ancient Mesopotamia were understood as a reality of life just as they were in other civilizations of antiquity. Although the cultures of the various Mesopotamian civilizations differed between c. 5000 BCE-651 CE, the belief in ghosts...
Herodotus on Burial in Egypt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Herodotus on Burial in Egypt

Herodotus’ section of his Histories on burial in ancient Egypt (Book II.85-90) is an accurate description of Egyptian mummification but he purposefully omits the spiritual significance of embalming in keeping with his commitment to refrain...
Trial and Execution of Marie Antoinette
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Trial and Execution of Marie Antoinette

The trial and execution of Marie Antoinette (1755-1793), formerly the queen of France, was among the opening events of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution (1789-1799). Accused of a series of crimes that included conspiring with...
Herodotus on Lydia
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Herodotus on Lydia

Herodotus’ narrative on Lydia takes up almost one half of Book I of his Histories and the section dealing with King Croesus is among the best-known and often anthologized. The last section, in which he discusses Lydian women as prostitutes...
Melito of Sardis and his Apology for Christianity
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Melito of Sardis and his Apology for Christianity

Melito of Sardis (d. c. 180 CE) was a bishop in the city of Sardis (near modern-day Sart, Turkey) who was regarded as one of the greatest Christian thinkers, writers, and apologists of his time. In the modern age, he is best known for his...
France’s 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State
Article by Stephen M Davis

France’s 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State

The 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State was enacted as the climax of decades of conflict between monarchists and anticlerical Republicans who viewed Christianity as a permanent obstacle to the social development of the Republic. The...
Royal Women in the Mughal Empire
Article by Patit Paban Mishra

Royal Women in the Mughal Empire

It was not only the Mughal emperors that left an indelible mark in the history of the Indian subcontinent but also the queens and princesses. The latter's contributions to art, architecture, literature, cuisine, refinement, and administrative...
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