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Top 10 Sights along Hadrian's Wall
Article by Carole Raddato

Top 10 Sights along Hadrian's Wall

The 1,900th anniversary of the visit of the Roman emperor Hadrian (r. 117-138 CE) to Britain and the construction of the wall that bears his name will be observed in 2022. A year-long festival will be held, filled with hundreds of events...
The Family in Ancient Mesopotamia
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Family in Ancient Mesopotamia

Family in ancient Mesopotamia was considered the essential unit that provided social stability in the present, maintained traditions of the past, and ensured the continuance of those traditions, customs, and stability for the future. The...
Louis IX and Capetian Politics at Paris' Sainte-Chapelle
Article by Amanda Rundle

Louis IX and Capetian Politics at Paris' Sainte-Chapelle

The Sainte-Chapelle in Paris was originally consecrated as a private royal chapel in 1248 during the reign of King Louis IX of France (r. 1226-1270), who was known in life as rex christianissimus ('most Christian king') and canonized in death...
Xenophon's Defense of Socrates
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Xenophon's Defense of Socrates

Xenophon's Defense of Socrates (c. 371 BCE) is a passage from the Memorabilia of Xenophon (l. 430 to c. 354 BCE) in which he addresses the teachings and actions of Socrates of Athens and denounces the charges against him as unjust and unfounded...
Louis XVI, the Girondins, & the Road to Revolutionary War (1791-92)
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Louis XVI, the Girondins, & the Road to Revolutionary War (1791-92)

On 20 April 1792, King Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792) stood before the Legislative Assembly and, with a faltering voice, read a declaration of war against Austria, to the ecstatic delight of the gathered deputies. This declaration sealed...
Antoine Court & the Church of the Desert
Article by Stephen M Davis

Antoine Court & the Church of the Desert

In March 1715, Louis XIV of France (r. 1643-1715) issued a declaration stating that all subjects of the king were also subjects of the Catholic Church. In defiance of the king's decree, Antoine Court (l. 1696-1760) gathered a small group...
Anselm's Proslogion
Article by Guy Jackson

Anselm's Proslogion

The Proslogion (Latin for Address or Discourse; the title was chosen because it is written in the form of a prayer addressed to God) is a book written by the medieval theologian St. Anselm of Canterbury (c. 1033-1109). It is of great significance...
Interview: Kutuzov a Life in War and Peace by Alexander Mikaberidze
Interview by Kelly Macquire

Interview: Kutuzov a Life in War and Peace by Alexander Mikaberidze

Join World History Encyclopedia as they have a chat with author Alexander Mikaberidze all about his new book Kutuzov: A Life in War and Peace, published by Oxford University Press. Kelly: Thank you so much for joining me today, Alex...
Mikhail Kutuzov & the Russian Military Enlightenment
Article by Alexander Mikaberidze / Oxford University Press

Mikhail Kutuzov & the Russian Military Enlightenment

The Military Enlightenment of the 18th century was a concerted effort across Europe to engage with the science of war. Embracing rationalism and professionalism, especially in military education, statesmen, philosophers, and educators explored...
European Discovery & Conquest of Sri Lanka
Article by James Hancock

European Discovery & Conquest of Sri Lanka

The island of Sri Lanka (formerly known as Ceylon) became a focus of European attention soon after the Portuguese entry into the Indian Ocean in the late 15th century. Large swaths of the island would come first under Portuguese control...
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