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The Sixteenth-Century Massacre of the Waldensians of Mérindol
Article by Stephen M Davis

The Sixteenth-Century Massacre of the Waldensians of Mérindol

As the Reformation developed in France in the first half of the 16th century, there were several episodes of severe repression which preceded the Wars of Religion (1562-1598). These were times of great hardship and oppression against those...
Exsurge Domine
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Exsurge Domine

Exsurge Domine (“Arise, O Lord” in Latin) is a papal bull issued 15 June 1520 by Pope Leo X (served 1513-1521) condemning Martin Luther’s 95 Theses as heresy along with any other works by Luther or those who supported him. Luther burned the...
Family Planning in the Ancient Near East
Article by Arienne King

Family Planning in the Ancient Near East

The ancient Near East was home to a multitude of civilizations, across Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Levant, each with unique views on medicine, conception, and women’s role in society. Attitudes towards contraception and abortion varied according...
Rome's Defeat at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest
Article by James Lacey / Oxford University Press

Rome's Defeat at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest

At the Battle of Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE, a rag-tag barbarian force annihilated three Roman legions, leaving the Roman emperor Augustus (27 BCE to 14 CE) to nightly wander his palace, shouting for the defeated commander, Publius Quinctilius...
The English and Dutch East India Companies' Invasions of India
Article by James Hancock

The English and Dutch East India Companies' Invasions of India

In the early 17th century, the Dutch and English East India Companies turned their eyes towards India, as part of their grand schemes to develop extensive trade networks across the Indian and China Seas. They were faced with two significant...
Threshing Floors of the Bible
Article by Patrick Scott Smith, M. A.

Threshing Floors of the Bible

The threshing floors of the Bible were outdoor stone floors, usually circular in fashion, used by farmers to process the grain of their crops. For the larger community, like watermills of the recent past, they could be gathering places bustling...
Louis XIV and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Article by Stephen M Davis

Louis XIV and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

Beginning in the 16th century, Protestants in France struggled in their rapport with royal power. Protestants owed the recognition of their rights more to sovereign decrees than to genuine tolerance or religious pluralism. The realization...
The Gold of the Conquistadors
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Gold of the Conquistadors

The staggering quantity of gold the conquistadors extracted from the Americas allowed Spain to become the richest country in the world. The thirst for gold to pay for armies and gain personal enrichment resulted in waves of expeditions of...
The Trial & Martyrdom of Michael Sattler
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Trial & Martyrdom of Michael Sattler

Michael Sattler (l. 1490-1527) was a Roman Catholic monk who converted to the Anabaptist movement c. 1525 and contributed significantly to their Schleitheim Confession of faith. He is best known, however, for his trial and martyrdom in 1527...
Hubmaier's Concerning Heretics and Those Who Burn Them
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Hubmaier's Concerning Heretics and Those Who Burn Them

Balthasar Hubmaier (l. 1480-1528) was a Catholic theologian who converted to the Protestant Anabaptist sect in 1525. His Concerning Heretics and Those Who Burn Them (1524) was a plea for religious tolerance written prior to his conversion...
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