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Death of Admiral Coligny
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Death of Admiral Coligny

The assassination attempt on Gaspard II de Coligny, Admiral of France (l. 1519-1572) on 22 August 1572 was the spark igniting the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre beginning on 24 August and continuing in Paris for the next five days and elsewhere...
The Fall of Tenochtitlan
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Fall of Tenochtitlan

The fall of Tenochtitlan on 13 August 1521 was a decisive moment in the dramatic collapse of the Aztec empire which had dominated Mesoamerica. Led by Hernán Cortés (1485-1547), the Spanish conquistadors enjoyed superior weapons and tactics...
Margaret of Valois' Account of St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Margaret of Valois' Account of St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Margaret of Valois' eyewitness account of St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre is among the most famous and the only written record of the event left by a member of the royal family of France at the time. Her account appears in her memoirs as Letter...
A Brief History of the Dog Collar
Article by Joshua J. Mark

A Brief History of the Dog Collar

The dog collar, so often taken for granted, has a long and illustrious history. Anyone fortunate enough to share their life with a dog in the present day is participating in an ancient tradition every time they place a collar around their...
The Siege of Cusco in 1536-7
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Siege of Cusco in 1536-7

The two sieges of Cusco in 1536-7 were the last great military actions by the Incas as they tried to reclaim their empire from the Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro (c. 1478-1541). The European cavalry proved all but invincible...
A Linguistical Analysis of Ancient Celtic Languages
Article by Helene Perdicoyianni-Paleologou

A Linguistical Analysis of Ancient Celtic Languages

The Celtic languages form a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. They derive from Proto-Celtic and are divided into Continental Celtic languages (Lepontic, Gaulish, Galatian, Noric, Celtiberian, Gallaecian) and Insular Celtic...
Index of Prohibited Books
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Index of Prohibited Books

The Index of Prohibited Books (Index Librorum Prohibitorum) was a list of written works condemned as heretical or injurious to the Christian faith by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent in 1563. It remained in effect until 1966 when...
Mongol Multiculturalism
Article by Isaac Toman Grief

Mongol Multiculturalism

The Mongol Empire accepted and promoted many other cultures. Historians often talk about cultural exchange across Asia in the Mongol Empire as something that was just facilitated by peace and stability across such a huge area – the 'Pax Mongolica'...
Canons of the Council of Trent
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Canons of the Council of Trent

The Canons of the Council of Trent (1545-1563) were rules one was expected to follow in order to be a member of the Catholic Church and, according to the Church's teachings, merit the grace of God and eternal life in heaven after death. The...
The Dreyfus Affair & the Separation of Church and State in France
Article by Stephen M Davis

The Dreyfus Affair & the Separation of Church and State in France

The Dreyfus Affair, or L'Affaire as it has become known, demonstrated the competing forces at work to either reestablish the monarchy and the Church in power or to solidify and advance the unfulfilled ideals of the 1789 French Revolution...
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