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The Dreyfus Affair & the Separation of Church and State in France
Article by Stephen M Davis

The Dreyfus Affair & the Separation of Church and State in France

The Dreyfus Affair, or L'Affaire as it has become known, demonstrated the competing forces at work to either reestablish the monarchy and the Church in power or to solidify and advance the unfulfilled ideals of the 1789 French Revolution...
Colonial Government in the Spanish Empire
Article by Mark Cartwright

Colonial Government in the Spanish Empire

The apparatus of colonial government in the Spanish Empire consisted of multiple levels, starting with the monarchy and Council of the Indies at the top and moving down to the viceroy, audiencias, mayors, and local councils. The system was...
Loyola's Spiritual Exercises
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Loyola's Spiritual Exercises

The Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola (1548) is a manual of disciplines formulated by Ignatius Loyola (l. 1491-1556) to prepare one spiritually for Christian service. They were initially developed between 1522-1524 by Loyola for himself...
Autobiography of Saint Ignatius of Loyola
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Autobiography of Saint Ignatius of Loyola

The Autobiography of Saint Ignatius is the story of the life of Ignatius of Loyola (l. 1491-1556) dictated by him to the Jesuit priest Father Louis Gonzalez between 1553-1555, shortly before Loyola's death in 1556. It is an account of his...
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen) is a human rights document adopted in the early stages of the French Revolution (1789-1799). Inspired by Enlightenment Age principles...
The French Exploration of New Zealand
Article by Kim Martins

The French Exploration of New Zealand

The French exploration of New Zealand has been overshadowed by the achievements of British navigator Captain James Cook (1728-1779), but French navigators who visited Aotearoa's (New Zealand) shores named over 100 geographical places and...
Jeanne de Jussie's Short Chronicle
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Jeanne de Jussie's Short Chronicle

Jeanne de Jussie's Short Chronicle (1535) is an eyewitness account by the nun Jeanne de Jussie (l. 1503-1561) relating how the Protestant Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland, impacted the lives of the sisters of her convent of Poor Clares...
William Penn's Holy Experiment
Article by John S. Knox

William Penn's Holy Experiment

In the 17th century, many groups of British Christians rose and fought against religious intolerance and corruption. The Puritans sought a return to biblical religion and a purified form of Christianity in England. This resulted in the Puritan...
Global Trade in the 13th Century
Article by James Hancock

Global Trade in the 13th Century

In the 13th century, astonishing quantities of spices and silk passed from the Far East to Europe. Exact amounts are not known, but spice popularity in both cuisine and medicine reached its historical peak during the Middle Ages in Europe...
Ten Protestant Reformation Facts You Need to Know
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ten Protestant Reformation Facts You Need to Know

The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) was one of the most significant cultural, political, and religious events in the history of Europe and helped shape the modern world. It was a complex event spanning over 100 years, which radically changed...
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