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Legions of the Dacian Wars
Article by Donald L. Wasson

Legions of the Dacian Wars

The Dacian Wars started after Decebalus (r. c. 87-106 CE) raided the Roman province of Moesia in 85 CE. Emperor Domitian's (r. 81-96 CE) Dacian campaigns in 86-87 CE reached an uneasy peace, but the conflict was renewed under the reign of...
The Wyndclyffe Estate
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Wyndclyffe Estate

There are many fascinating and forlorn ruins throughout New York’s Hudson Valley, and, among them, the tottering remains of what was once considered the grandest home in the area and among the most famous in the country: Wyndclyffe. Between...
Oheka Castle
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Oheka Castle

Oheka Castle, built by the industrialist Otto Herman Kahn (l. 1867-1934), is one of the best-known luxury hotels of Long Island, NY, USA today. In its time as a private residence, it was the site of the kind of lavish parties which inspired...
Hellenistic & Roman Agora of Athens
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Hellenistic & Roman Agora of Athens

Pericles’ agora of Athens flourished under Macedonian control. After Macedon was defeated by Rome, the Romans added to the district even before Greece was taken as a province and more so afterwards. The Roman version of the agora continued...
The Eastern Trade Network of Ancient Rome
Article by James Hancock

The Eastern Trade Network of Ancient Rome

The life of wealthy Romans was filled with exotic luxuries such as cinnamon, myrrh, pepper, or silk acquired through long-distance international trade. Goods from the Far East arrived in Rome through two corridors – the Red Sea and the Persian...
Legions of the Parthian Wars
Article by Donald L. Wasson

Legions of the Parthian Wars

Parthia had always been a thorn in the side of the Roman Empire. The initial campaigns by Crassus and Mark Antony were total failures, and although Trajan and Syrian governor Cassius made some progress in the 2nd century CE, both failed to...
The Art of Dialectic & Zeno of Elea
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Art of Dialectic & Zeno of Elea

The creation of the art of dialectic is credited to Zeno of Elea, the philosophical champion of Parmenides’ claim that the essence of reality is One and unchanging. Zeno was Parmenides’ student and protégé and, in defending and defining his...
Pericles & the Restoration of the Athenian Agora
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Pericles & the Restoration of the Athenian Agora

The agora of Athens developed from the 6th century BCE until it was destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480 BCE. Afterwards, the statesman Pericles (l. 495-429 BCE) used funds from the Delian League to restore it as the physical manifestation...
Hipparchia the Cynic: Devoted Wife, Mother, & Outspoken Greek Philosopher
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Hipparchia the Cynic: Devoted Wife, Mother, & Outspoken Greek Philosopher

Cynic philosopher, wife of Crates of Thebes (l. c. 360 – 280 BCE), and mother of his children, Hipparchia of Maroneia (l. c. 350 – 280 BCE) defied social norms in order to live her beliefs. She is all the more impressive in that she taught...
The Portuguese Colonization of São Tomé and Principe
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Portuguese Colonization of São Tomé and Principe

São Tomé and Principe are islands located in the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa. They were uninhabited before being colonised by the Portuguese from 1486. So involved were they with the slave trade, they became known as the Slave Islands where...
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