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Second Battle of the Marne - The Beginning of the End for Germany in WWI
The Second Battle of the Marne took place in July and August 1918 and saw Germany's last advance of the Spring Offensive rebuffed by a strong Allied counterattack. With hundreds of thousands...
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Mesopotamian Education - Creating the First Written Works in History
Mesopotamian education was invented by the Sumerians following the creation of writing circa 3600/3500 BCE. The earliest schools were attached to temples, but later schools were established...
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German Spring Offensive - Ludendorff's Last Chance to Win WWI
The German Spring Offensive, also called the Ludendorff Offensive after its commander, was the last major German advance of the First World War (1914-18). From March to July 1918, Ludendorff...
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Scribes in Ancient Mesopotamia - The Beginning of History
Scribes in ancient Mesopotamia were highly educated individuals trained in writing and reading on diverse subjects. Initially, their purpose was to record financial transactions through trade, but...
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Battle of Passchendaele - Haig's Folly in the Mud of Flanders
The Battle of Passchendaele (October-November 1917), the final stage of the Third Battle of Ypres, took place in Flanders, Belgium, during the First World War (1914-18). The aim of the Allied...
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The Trial of Anne Hutchinson - Silencing Dissent in Colonial America
Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643) was a religious dissident who was brought to trial by John Winthrop (1588-1649) and the other magistrates of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637 for spreading...
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Trade in Ancient Mesopotamia - How Commerce Encouraged Civilization
Local trade in ancient Mesopotamia began in the Ubaid period (circa 6500-4000 BCE), had developed into long-distance trade by the Uruk period (circa 4000-3100 BCE), and was flourishing by...
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First Battle of the Marne - How Paris was Saved in World War I
The First Battle of the Marne, fought between 6 and 10 September 1914, was a major and successful Allied counterattack against the German invasion of French territory the previous August. Often...
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Mesopotamian Inventions - Creating the Future
Mesopotamian inventions include many items taken for granted today, most of which were created during the Early Dynastic period (circa 2900-2350/2334 BCE) or developed from achievements of the Uruk period...
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Battle of the Frontiers - The Chaotic First Two Weeks of World War I
The Battle of the Frontiers of WWI (1914-18), fought between 14 and 25 August, involved a flurry of encounters between German and French, Belgian, and British armies as both sides attempted...