Images

This image, a miniature from the "Welfenchronik" (History of the Guelphs), which dates to the late twelfth century CE, shows Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1152-1190 CE), flanked by his sons.

A 19th century CE painting depicting Richard I (r. 1189-1199 CE) leading the march of the Crusader army to Jerusalem during the Third Crusade (1189-1192 CE).

Constantine X Dukas. Byzantine Emperor, r. 1059-1067 CE. Gold Histamenon (4.33 gm, 6h). Constantinople mint.

The main entrance to the Palace of the Masters of the Knights Hospitaller or Knights of Rhodes. 14th century CE.

An illustration by Ralph Hammann showing members of the medieval military order the Knights Hospitaller. Soultz commandery, France.

An illustration of a priest and knight of the military order the Knights Hospitaller. 14th-15th century CE. (From a work in the Sacra Infermeria Museum, Valletta)

A battle scene of the Second Crusade (1147-1149 CE). From a 14th century CE illustrated manuscript of William of Tyre's history of the Crusade. (French National Library, Paris)

This map of the Near East in 1135 CE shows four Crusader States (marked with red crosses) in relation to other powerful kingdoms in the period between the first and second crusades.

Medallion of the Pamplona casket that shows a scene with an orchestra (11th century CE). Museo de Navarra, Pamplona (Spain).

A stone from an olive press used to collect the oil from the pressed olives and pour it into a waiting receptacle. 6th-2nd century BCE, Saint Blaise, France.