Images

A portion of the wing-wall, Caerphilly Castle, Wales. 1268-1290 CE.

An example of a castle vice or spiral staircase, Caerphilly Castle, Wales. 1268-1290 CE.

Etchmiadzon Cathedral, Armenia. Built in the ancient city of Vagharshapat in the 4th century CE, the current version dates to 483 CE.

A medieval illustration of John II of France (r. 1350-1364 CE) knighting squires. (Grandes chroniques de France, Bibliothèque Nationale de France)

A medieval illustration of the Germanic knight Wolfram von Eschenbach and his squire. 1305-1315 CE. (Codex Manesse, Zurich, Switzerland)

A medieval illustration of King David I of Scotland (r. 1124-1153 CE) knighting a squire.

A garderobe or toilet of the tower keep at Peveril Castle, Derbyshire, England. Late 12th century CE.

A typical medieval toilet or garderobe. Tower of London. 11th century CE.

A silver seal of Robert Fitzwalter showing a mounted knight. 1213-1219 CE. Diameter: 73 mm. (British Museum, London)

A diagram illustrating the various components of a medieval Great Sword and scabbard, the typical weapon of knights.