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The ksar (or fortified village) of Aït Benhaddou in Ouarzazate Province, Morocco, is an example of pre-Saharan earthen construction techniques. While these techniques are ancient, the oldest currently standing structures date to the 17th...

The ksar (or fortified village) of Aït Benhaddou in Ouarzazate Province, Morocco, is an example of pre-Saharan earthen construction techniques. While these techniques are ancient, the oldest currently standing structures date to the 17th...

Qasr Al-Abd is a Hellenistic palace dating from approximately 200 BCE whose ruins stand in western Jordan, approximately 17 kilometers west of Amman. It is a two-story stone structure (measuring about 40 meters by 20 meters, and 13 meters...

The Tropaeum Traiani is a triumphal monument built in 109 CE in then Moesia Inferior (present-day Romania) to commemorate Trajan’s victory over the Dacians in 102 CE, in the Battle of Tapae. By the 20th century CE, the monument was reduced...

The view south from the keep of Dover Castle. The castle was first built by William the Conqueror in the 11th century CE and it was then extensively rebuilt with new walls and a keep added by Henry II (r. 1154-1189 CE). The Saxon church of...

The donjon or keep of Dover Castle, Kent, England. The castle was first built by William the Conqueror in the 11th century CE and it was then extensively rebuilt with new walls and a keep added by Henry II (r. 1154-1189 CE).

The inner walls and donjon (keep) of Dover Castle, Kent, England. First built by William the Conqueror in the 11th century CE it was then extensively rebuilt with new walls and a donjon added by Henry II (r. 1154-1189 CE).

Dover Castle, Kent, England. First built by William the Conqueror in the 11th century CE it was then extensively rebuilt with new walls and a keep added by Henry II (r. 1154-1189 CE)

This embrasure was made from Bakırköy sandstone. There is a cross on the front. Fifth century CE. From Belgradkapı (Belgrad Gate), in modern-day Istanbul, Turkey. (Museum of Archaeology, Istanbul, Turkey).

On this relief, the goddess Nike holds a date branch. This relief once decorated the entrance into the Balat Gate. Marble. Sixth century CE. From Balat, Istanbul, modern-day Turkey. (Museum of Archaeology, Istanbul, Turkey).