Images

A map indicating the possible route of Hanno, a Carthaginian who led a colonising and exploration expedition down the Atlantic coast of Africa in the 6th or 5th century BCE. Some scholars suggest he reached modern Sierra Leone, others that...

Alloy coin from Macedon, minted under the rule of Cassander (305-297 BCE).

A marble portrait bust of a Carthaginian woman. Carthage, 5th-2nd century BCE (?). (British Museum, London)

A Phoenician-Punic gold pectoral, 8th-7th Century BCE. From the El Carambolo Treasure, Seville. (National Archaeological Museum, Madrid)

An electrum coin minted in Carthage showing the goddess Tanit and horse. 4th-3rd century BCE. (British Museum, London)

A terracotta mask from Tharros, 6th-5th century BCE. These masks were used to ward off evil spirits in Carthaginian culture and are commonly found in Punic tombs. (National Archaeological Museum, Cagliari)

A necklace of glass paste beads, Carthage, 4th-3rd century BCE. (National Archaeological Museum, Cagliari)

Romans escaping the city sacked by Brennus in 390 BCE.

Vae victis! Woe to the vanquished! Brennus throws his sword on the scale after the sack of Rome in 390 BCE. Print by Ludwig Gottlieb Portman, based on the drawing of Jacobus Buys, 1794

Modern depiction of Brennus, on display in the Musée national de la Marine.