Images

The aqueduct and fortifications of ancient Trebizond (Trapezus), modern Trabzon, Turkey. 13th century CE.

A silver drachma coin from Trebizond (Trapezus), 4th century BCE. (British Museum, London)

A map illustrating the geographical use of the Oscan language in pre-Roman Italy.

A statue of Inca ruler Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (r. 1438-71 CE) in Plaza de Armas, Cuzco, Peru

A line engraving of the 5th century BCE Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus. (From the Wellcome Library of Portraits)

A portrait bust of Roman emperor Pertinax who briefly reigned in 193 CE. (Vatican Museums, Rome)

An Inca quipu (khipu) used for storing data with a system of knots. 15th century CE. (Larco Museum, Lima)

The War Scroll, part of the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered at Quram, Israel which were composed between the 3rd century BCE and the 1st century CE.

An example of Younger Futhark runes from the 12th-century Vaksala Runestone in Sweden.

The empire of Chandragupta Maurya (340-298 BCE) at its greatest extent, c. 305 BCE. However, Jain texts would suggest the Empire stretched much further to the south.