Images

An 1870 oil-on-canvas painting by Wilhelm August Stryowski showing Rudolf Freitag sculpting a bust of the Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius (1611-1687). (National Museum, Gdańsk)

Portrait of Joséphine de Beauharnais (1763-1814) later in life. By Andrea Appiani, c. 1808. Private collection.

The Three Graces, statue by Italian sculptor Antonio Canova, commissioned at the behest of Empress Joséphine de Beauharnais, c. 1813-1816. Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg.

The divorce of Empress Joséphine and Emperor Napoleon, 10 January 1810. Oil on canvas, by Henri Frédéric Schopin, 1843. Wallace Collection, London.

Joséphine de Beauharnais at her personal residence of Malmaison, oil on canvas by François Gérard, 1801. Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg.

Portrait of Alexander de Beauharnais, oil on canvas by Georges Rouget, 1834. Palace of Versailles.

A map of the Moon's surface drawn in 1647 by Johannes Hevelius (1611-1687), the Polish astronomer. (Bodleian Library, Oxford)

A 1673 print showing Johannes Hevelius (1611-1687), the Polish astronomer, and his wife Elisabeth examining the stars using a sextant. From Hevelius's Machinae Coelestis: Pars Prior, (1673), fig. M, facing p. 222.

A 1677 portrait by Daniel Schultz of Johannes Hevelius (1611-1687), the Polish astronomer. (Library of Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk)

An engraving portrait of Robert Boyle (1627-1691), the Anglo-Irish chemist, physicist, and experimental philosopher. In the background is the scientist's celebrated air pump.