Images

A memorial plaque in Westminster Abbey commemorating the achievements of the English scientist and cartographer Edmond Halley (1656-1742).

A detail of a chart showing lines of magnetic compass variation made in 1702 by the English scientist and cartographer Edmond Halley (1656-1742). Halley hoped the chart would aid navigation but the variations in magnetism over time made it...

A c. 1690 portrait by Thomas Murray of the English scientist and cartographer Edmond Halley (1656-1742).

Actions of the first day of the Battle of Leipzig, 16 October 1813. Map by Wikipedia user Andrei nacu, 2007.

Actions on the second day of the Battle of Leipzig, 18 October 1813. Map by Wikipedia user Andrei nacu, 2008.

Premature explosion of the bridge at the Battle of Leipzig, which stranded tens of thousands of French troops in the city, 19 October 1813. Lithograph by Carle Vernet, 19th century.

Chrage of the 19th Hungarian Infantry Regiment against French troops, part of the Battle of Leipzig (16-19 October 1813). By Fritz Neumann, 19th century.

French infantry defend a barricade against a Prussian assault during the Battle of Leipzig (16-19 October 1813). Print by Valadon, Bousson, Paris, after Paul-Émile Boutigny from Life of Napoleon Bonaparte by William M. Sloane, New York: Century...

Cavalry fight at the village of Möckern, part of the Battle of Leipzig (16-19 October 1813), illustration from the German-language book Geschichte des Husaren-Regiments von Zieten (Brandenburgisches) Vol. 3 by Armand Freiherr, Ardenne Berlin...

French Emperor Napoleon I confers with his marshal, Prince Józef Poniatowski, at the Battle of Leipzig (16-19 October 1813). Painting by January Suchodolski, circa 19th century.