Images

The Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations, 16-19 October 1813, painting by Vladimir Moshkov, 1815. Great Patriotic Museum of 1812, Moscow.

The Battle of Acris-sur-Aube (20-21 March 1814), during the War of the Sixth Coalition. It was one of Napoleon's final battles before his exile to Elba. Painting by Jean-Adolphe Beaucé, before 1875. Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology...

Famous meeting between French Emperor Napoleon I and Austrian diplomat Prince Klemens von Metternich at Dresden on 26 June 1813, to negotiate an end to the War of the Sixth Coalition. A heated argument broke out over Metternich's demands...

Badshahi mosque, built by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707 CE) in 1673-74 CE, in Lahore, Pakistan.

A map illustrating the rise and spread of the Second Wave Civilizations between c. 500 BCE and 200 CE (including the Persians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Chinese, and India).

A long glass and alcohol thermometer, 18th century, perhaps Italian. (Science Museum, London)

A c. 1800 clinical thermometer and wooden case. Its design follows that of instruments made by the Scottish anatomist and surgeon John Hunter (1728-1793). Mercury, glass, and ivory, and with a scale in Fahrenheit. (Science Museum, London)

A thermoscope, an invention credited by some to Galileo (1564-1642). This type of early thermometer has a narrow tube filled with water which moves up a scale when air in the bulb is heated and so expands, pushing down the liquid. (Musée...

An 18th-century alcohol thermometer. Made in the Netherlands between 1720 and 1750. (Science Museum, London)

A Rutherford thermometer capable of taking minimum and maximum temperatures made in 1794 in England. (Science Museum, London)