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Burning Russian Village, Operation Barbarossa
A photograph showing a burning Russian village during Operation Barbarossa, the attack by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) on the USSR from June to December 1941. (Imperial War Museums)

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German Motorcyclists, Operation Barbarossa
A photograph of German Waffen SS motorcyclists during Operation Barbarossa, the attack by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) on the USSR from June to December 1941. (Imperial War Museums)

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Oldest Known Medical Degree
The oldest known and documented medical degree in the world. It was awarded by the University of al-Qarawiyyin, Fez, Morocco, to Doctor Abdellah Ben Saleh Al Koutami in 1207.

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Water Clock, Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque
This reconstruction of the 14th-century water clock from the Dar al-Muwaqqit of the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque (Fez, Morocco) is now on display at the Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam. The Dar al-Muwaqqit is a...

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Figure of Fatima Al-Fihri from the Jordan Museum
Figure of Fatima Al-Fihri (c. 800-880) from the Jordan Museum, Amman, Jordan. Fatima Al-Fihri was a Muslim woman, scholar and philanthropist who is credited with founding the world’s oldest, continuously running university during the 9th...

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Fountain, Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque Complex
The fountain in the courtyard of Al-Qarawiyyin mosque complex, Fez, Morocco.

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John Wesley Cromwell
John Wesley Cromwell (l. 1846-1927), educator, historian, lawyer, and activist, from an 1887 sketch in Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising by William J. Simmons and Henry McNeal Turner, G. M. Rewell & Company, 1887.

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Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nat Turner's Rebellion as depicted in Samuel Warner's Authentic and Impartial Narrative of the Tragical Scene Which Was Witnessed in Southampton County, 1831.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

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5 Terms of Convenience in History
Throughout the study of the past, historians have relied on broad conceptual shortcuts to categorize time, societies, and developments. While these models help structure historical analysis and provide useful comparisons, they can oversimplify...

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Red Army Poster
A lithograph propaganda poster encouraging support of the Red Army by an unknown artist, 1919. The poster features two figures: on the right a soldier in a cossack-style hat and coat, holding a rifle, and on the left a proletarian worker...