Images

A long glass and alcohol thermometer, 18th century, perhaps Italian. (Science Museum, London)

A c. 1800 clinical thermometer and wooden case. Its design follows that of instruments made by the Scottish anatomist and surgeon John Hunter (1728-1793). Mercury, glass, and ivory, and with a scale in Fahrenheit. (Science Museum, London)

A thermoscope, an invention credited by some to Galileo (1564-1642). This type of early thermometer has a narrow tube filled with water which moves up a scale when air in the bulb is heated and so expands, pushing down the liquid. (Musée...

An 18th-century alcohol thermometer. Made in the Netherlands between 1720 and 1750. (Science Museum, London)

A Rutherford thermometer capable of taking minimum and maximum temperatures made in 1794 in England. (Science Museum, London)

Ancient ruins of Herod's harbor at Caesarea Maritima, Israel.

Aerial view of Herod's harbor at Caesarea Maritima, Israel.

Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Emperor Francis I of Austria, and King Frederick William III of Prussia meet after defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig (16-19 October 1813). Oil on canvas by Johann Peter Krafft, 1839. Deutsches...

Persian miniature painting on a tile, earthenware under coloured glazes, probably from Isfahan, 17th century CE. Victoria and Albert Museum, London. The so-called 'garden scenes' are among the most typical settings in the Persian...

Part of the eastern wharf of the inner harbor, Caesarea Maritima, Israel.