Images

A 7th century CE bird frieze from a cathedral at Faras, southern Egypt/northern Kush. (National Museum, Warsaw)

The ruins of Aytap (Iotape) in Cilicia, Anatolia. The city was founded by Antiochus IV of Commagene in 52 CE.

The Greek philosopher Parmenides of Elea (c. 485 BCE) from Raphael's 'School of Athens' fresco, 1511 CE. (Vatican, Rome)

A c. 1885 CE illustration of Izanami (left) and Izanagi (right) creating the islands of Japan with their spear.

The aqueduct and fortifications of ancient Trebizond (Trapezus), modern Trabzon, Turkey. 13th century CE.

A silver drachma coin from Trebizond (Trapezus), 4th century BCE. (British Museum, London)

A map illustrating the geographical use of the Oscan language in pre-Roman Italy.

A statue of Inca ruler Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (r. 1438-71 CE) in Plaza de Armas, Cuzco, Peru

A line engraving of the 5th century BCE Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus. (From the Wellcome Library of Portraits)

A portrait bust of Roman emperor Pertinax who briefly reigned in 193 CE. (Vatican Museums, Rome)