Images

An 1861 photograph of the German composer Richard Wagner (1813-1883). Taken in Paris by Pierre Petit.

An 1871 photograph of the German composer Richard Wagner (1813-1883). Photograph taken by Franz Hanfstaengl.

A depiction of Typhon alongside the Harpies by Wenceslas Hollar. University of Toronto Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection.

Manuel de Godoy (1767-1851), the "Prince of Peace", was First Minister of Spain during the reign of King Charles VI of Spain. Corrupt and extravagant, Godoy was hated by the Spanish nobility and commoners alike, and his tenure helped lead...

The Uprising of 2 May 1808, or The Charge of the Mamluks, oil on canvas by Francisco Goya, 1814, part of a series of artworks depicting the horrors of the Peninsular War (1807-1814). This work depicts the charge of Napoleon's Mamluk cavalry...

The Third of May 1808, oil on canvas by Francisco Goya, 1814, part of a series of works depicting the horrors of the Peninsular War (1807-1814). This depicts the execution of Spanish civilians by a French firing squad in the aftermath of...

After the Battle of Bailén (16-19 July 1808) an entire French army surrenders to Spanish forces. The largest defeat of a French army since 1794, the battle dispels the myth of invincibility surrounding Napoleonic France and convinces other...

The Second Siege of Zaragoza (19 December 1808 to 20 February 1809) was a bloody chapter of the Peninsular War, resulting in 10,000 dead French soldiers and 54,000 dead Spanish, including 30,000 civilians. Painting by Louis-François, Baron...

The death of British General Sir John Moore during the Battle of Corunna, 16 January 1809. Engraving by Thomas Sutherland in the book The Martial Achievements of Great Britain and her Allies from 1799-1815, by James Jenkins.

Proclamation of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 by the Cortés de Cádiz during the Peninsular War, image by Salvador Viniegra, 1912.