Images

Frieze of Greek hoplites fighting, from Nereid Monument at Xanthos in Lycia, ca. 390–380 BCE. On display at the British Museum, London.

Zenobia Antoninianus coin reporting her title, Augusta and showing her diademed and draped bust on a crescent with the reverse showing a standing figure of Ivno Regina, holding a patera in her right hand, a sceptre in her left, a peacock...

Queen Zenobia's Last Look Upon Palmyra, painting by Herbert Gustave Schmalz, 1888. Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide.

Queen Zenobia before Emperor Aurelianus. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1696–1770). Oil on canvas. Prado Museum.

Map showing central Europe in the 5th century CE.

An Inca rest station on the Inca Trail, Peru. Such stations were built at regular intervals along most major Inca highways.

An Inca mountain road with bridge, approaching Machu Picchu.

A map of the Inca road system which included some 40,000 km of routes.

Detail of Alaric entering Athens, illustration, c. 1920s.

Sack of Rome by the Visigoths on 24 August 410, by J.N. Sylvestre, 1890 CE. Musée Paul Valéry