Images

Partial tree of Indo-European languages. Branches are in order of first attestation; those to the left are Centum, those to the right are Satem. Languages in red are extinct. White labels indicate categories / un-attested proto-languages...

An extract from The Vedas (or Rig-Veda) written in Sanskrit (early 19th century CE).

A 1st century CE bust of the Roman orator and statesman Cicero 106-43 BCE. (Capitoline Museum, Rome).

The Trojan king Laomedon(?) from the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaia on Aegina (c. 490-480 BCE). The scene is thought to depict Hercules' attack on the city of Troy. (Glyptothek, Munich).

On the north-west frontier of the Roman Empire, the Antonine wall was built c. 140 CE on the orders of Antoninus Pius. The wall stretched from the Firth of Forth to the Clyde estuary.

The Diskobolos or Discus Thrower, 2nd century CE. Roman copy of a 450-440 BCE Greek bronze by Myron recovered from Emperor Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy. (British Museum, London)

The man wears a long tunic and mantle. From his left shoulder hangs an instrument case. The straps for the instrument can also be seen, tied around the mouth and cheeks. From a Corinthian workshop, 500- 490 BC Delphi Museum

This Attic red-figure vase depicts an aulos player accompanying a female dancer. There is a kithara suspended in between them. National Archaeological Museum 1187

Fragment of a black-figure pyxis or skyphos. Depicted are dancing women accompanied by aulos players. Brauron Museum

This fragment of an Attic red-figure plate depicts an aulos player, and clearly shows the strap which was worn to aid the playing of the instruments. The inscription says, "Hermocrates did this" National Archaeological Museum, Athens...