Images

French Emperor Napoleon I (r. 1804-1814; 1815) and his staff during the French campaigns of the War of the Sixth Coalition. Within months, the Napoleonic Empire would be toppled. Oil on canvas by Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier, 1864...

The defense of Clichy during the Battle of Paris (30-31 March 1814), one of the final actions of the War of the Sixth Coalition. Marshal Jannot de Moncey is depicted centre-frame on horseback, giving orders to the goldsmith Claude Odiot...

After being defeated in the War of the Sixth Coalition (1813-1814), Napoleon abdicates at Fontainebleau and is exiled to the isle of Elba. Painting by Gaetano Ferri, completing a work started by François Bouchot, 1843. Château de...

The Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations, 16-19 October 1813, painting by Vladimir Moshkov, 1815. Great Patriotic Museum of 1812, Moscow.

The Battle of Acris-sur-Aube (20-21 March 1814), during the War of the Sixth Coalition. It was one of Napoleon's final battles before his exile to Elba. Painting by Jean-Adolphe Beaucé, before 1875. Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology...

Famous meeting between French Emperor Napoleon I and Austrian diplomat Prince Klemens von Metternich at Dresden on 26 June 1813, to negotiate an end to the War of the Sixth Coalition. A heated argument broke out over Metternich's demands...

Badshahi mosque, built by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707 CE) in 1673-74 CE, in Lahore, Pakistan.

A map illustrating the rise and spread of the Second Wave Civilizations between c. 500 BCE and 200 CE (including the Persians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Chinese, and India).

A long glass and alcohol thermometer, 18th century, perhaps Italian. (Science Museum, London)

A c. 1800 clinical thermometer and wooden case. Its design follows that of instruments made by the Scottish anatomist and surgeon John Hunter (1728-1793). Mercury, glass, and ivory, and with a scale in Fahrenheit. (Science Museum, London)