Images

An 1875 photograph taken by Étienne Carjat of the French composer Georges Bizet (1838-1875).

A map illustrating the Battle of Rivoli, a crucial engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in January 1797. It occurred near the town of Rivoli Veronese in northern Italy and was fought between the French army, led by General Napoleon...

Political map of Italy near the arrival of the Normans, who eventually conquered Southern Italy and Sicily, including the principalities of Salerno, Capua, and Benevento.

The Austrians charge against a line of French soldiers under General Claude Victor-Perrin at the Battle of Marengo (14 June 1800), by Benoit Perrier. Marengo Museum.

Count Roger I of Sicily at the Battle of Cerami, c. 1063, painting by Prosper Lafaye (1806-1883).

Archangel Michael appearing at the holy shrine of Monte Gargano in Italy, painting attributed to Cesare Nebbia (1536-1614). Photo by David Caster Vatican Museums.

Pandulf IV of Capua being imprisoned by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1014-1024), illustration from Cod. Pal. germ. 149, Bl. 198v, c. 1450. Heidelberg University Library.

The abbey of Monte Casino, illustration by Francesco Cassiano De Silva from Giovanni Battista Pacichelli's Il regno di Napoli in prospettiva, Naples, 1703.

Castle of Melfi, an important Norman stronghold in Southern Italy.

Pope Leo IX (r. 1049-1054), illustration from an illuminated manuscript, 11th century.