Images

Chain Tower and Saint Nicholas Tower, La Rochelle, France.

A portrait of Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-59), the British engineer and key figure of the British Industrial Revolution (1760-1840). By John Horsley, c. 1870. (From The life of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Civil Engineer, 1870, by Isambard...

Clifton Suspension Bridge over the River Avon near Bristol, England. The bridge was based on a daring design by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-59). It was opened to the public in December 1864.

A 19th-century oil painting by Désiré François Laugée titled Sewing. (Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro)

An 1877 photograph by John Thomson of a child shoe black, usually a job for a pauper boy who did this to avoid the workhouse.

An early-20th-century photograph by Frank Meadow Sutcliffe of a child working in a factory alongside adults. Child labour was used extensively during the Industrial Revolution and after. (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)

The Franco-American attack on the British defenses at Savannah, Georgia, in October 1779 during the Siege of Savannah in the American War of Independence (1775-1783). Author A. I. Keller, 1779, from British Battles.

Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (1762-1833), 1st Count Jourdan, marshal of the empire, oil on canvas by Eugène Charpentier, mid-19th century. Palace of Versailles.

Battle of Vitoria, 21 June 1813, during the Peninsular War (1807-1814), by Heath & Sutherland, A.S.K. Brown collection.

Portrait of Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1844) as king of Spain (r. 1808-1813) in his coronation robes, oil on canvas by François Gérard, 19th century. Musée national du Château de Fontainebleau.