Images

Allegory of Justice - Themis, oil on canvas by Marcello Bacciarelli, 18th century. National Museum of Warsaw, Poland.

Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon after her marriage to the Duke of Chartres (later Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans). Her eldest son would become Louis Philippe I, King of the French. Oil on canvas portrait by Joseph Duplessis, c. 1777...

Battle of Ushant between British and French fleets on 27 July 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. Oil on canvas painting by Théodore Gudin, 1839. Museum of the History of France, Versailles.

Galleries of the Palais-Royal, c. 1800. By an anonymous author. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.

Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, also known as Philippe Égalité (1747-1793), oil on canvas portrait by Antoine-François Callet, c. late 18th century. Palace of Versailles.

Portrait of Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1747-1793) with the insignia of the Grand Orient of France. Oil on canvas portrait by Michel Garnier, 1781. Condé Museum, Chantilly.

A caricature of Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, aka Philippe Égalité, as the King of Spades, a mockery of his desires to become king. Illustration by an unknown author from Hector Fleischmann's La guillotine en 1793, 1908.

Portrait of Louis Philippe II d'Orléans, as the Duke of Chartres. Oil on canvas, after Joshua Reynolds, c. 1779. Musée Condé, Chantilly.

A map illustrating the scope and organization of the Roman provinces in Hispania (present-day Spain and Portugal.) Roman Spain was one of the first provinces beyond Italy; it took two centuries to conquer fully (starting with an invasion...

A detail of a contemporary print showing the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London which hosted the Great Exhibition from May to October in 1851. The innovative structure was designed by Sir Joseph Paxton (1801-1865) and created almost one...