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Bluefly under Microscope
A pen and ink drawing by Robert Hooke (1635-1703) first published in his Micrographia in 1665. This page shows a bluefly seen under a microscope. (National Library of Wales)

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Frozen Structures under Microscope
A pen and ink drawing by Robert Hooke (1635-1703) and published in his Micrographia in 1665. This page shows frozen structures seen under a microscope. (National Library of Wales)

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Culpeper Microscope
A microscope with boxfoot made by George Adams in 1738. Based on a model designed by Edward Culpeper (1670-1737). The concave mirror at the base illuminated the specimen better than a flat mirror. (Science Museum, London)

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Microscope of van Leeuwenhoeck
A model of the microscope created by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Made by the Boerhaave Museum, Leiden, 1983. The microscope used a glass bead as a magnifier, giving a much greater magnification than other types of lenses available...

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Microscope of Louis Pasteur
The compound monocular microscope of Louis Pasteur (1822-1895). Made by Nachet et fils, 1861-70. (Science Museum, London)

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The Five Good Emperors of the Roman Empire (96 - 180 CE)
An infographic illustrating the succession of Roman rulers between 96 and 180 CE, known as the Five Good Emperors (a term unknown to the ancient Romans, coined by Nicolo Machiavelli in his 1531 manuscript Discourses on Livy and made widely...

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18th-Century Microscope
An early 18th-century microscope designed and made by John Marshall. It is a compound microscope, that is, it uses three lenses. Made of brass, wood, and other materials. (Science Museum, London)

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Galileo's Map of the Moon
A map of the Moon's surface by Galileo (1564-1642), drawn using a telescope the astronomer had built himself. The uneven line of shadow aided Galileo in identifying the nature of the Moon's surface and the approximate size of its mountains...

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Hevelius' Astronomical Telescope
A print showing one of the astronomical telescopes built by Johannes Hevelius (1611-1687) in Danzig in the 1640s. Helevius used such devices to map the surface of the Moon. (Harvard University)

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Galileo Demonstrating His Telescope
A c. 1900 painting by Henry-Julien Detouche showing Galileo (1564-1642) demonstrating his telescope (which he built c. 1608) to Leonardo Donato, Doge of Venice