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Badshahi Mosque
Badshahi mosque, built by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707 CE) in 1673-74 CE, in Lahore, Pakistan.

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Second Wave Civilizations
A map illustrating the rise and spread of the Second Wave Civilizations between c. 500 BCE and 200 CE (including the Persians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Chinese, and India).

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Long Glass & Alcohol Thermometer
A long glass and alcohol thermometer, 18th century, perhaps Italian. (Science Museum, London)

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Clinical Thermometer, c. 1800
A c. 1800 clinical thermometer and wooden case. Its design follows that of instruments made by the Scottish anatomist and surgeon John Hunter (1728-1793). Mercury, glass, and ivory, and with a scale in Fahrenheit. (Science Museum, London)

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Thermoscope
A thermoscope, an invention credited by some to Galileo (1564-1642). This type of early thermometer has a narrow tube filled with water which moves up a scale when air in the bulb is heated and so expands, pushing down the liquid. (Musée...

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18th-Century Alcohol Thermometer
An 18th-century alcohol thermometer. Made in the Netherlands between 1720 and 1750. (Science Museum, London)

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Rutherford Maximun & Minimum Thermometer
A Rutherford thermometer capable of taking minimum and maximum temperatures made in 1794 in England. (Science Museum, London)

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Ancient Ruins of the Harbor at Caesarea Maritima
Ancient ruins of Herod's harbor at Caesarea Maritima, Israel.

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Aerial View of Herod's Harbor
Aerial view of Herod's harbor at Caesarea Maritima, Israel.

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Allied Declaration of Victory After the Battle of Leipzig
Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Emperor Francis I of Austria, and King Frederick William III of Prussia meet after defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig (16-19 October 1813). Oil on canvas by Johann Peter Krafft, 1839. Deutsches Historisches...