Images

A 19th-century oil painting by Désiré François Laugée titled Sewing. (Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro)

An 1877 photograph by John Thomson of a child shoe black, usually a job for a pauper boy who did this to avoid the workhouse.

An early-20th-century photograph by Frank Meadow Sutcliffe of a child working in a factory alongside adults. Child labour was used extensively during the Industrial Revolution and after. (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)

The Franco-American attack on the British defenses at Savannah, Georgia, in October 1779 during the Siege of Savannah in the American War of Independence (1775-1783). Author A. I. Keller, 1779, from British Battles.

Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (1762-1833), 1st Count Jourdan, marshal of the empire, oil on canvas by Eugène Charpentier, mid-19th century. Palace of Versailles.

Battle of Vitoria, 21 June 1813, during the Peninsular War (1807-1814), by Heath & Sutherland, A.S.K. Brown collection.

Portrait of Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1844) as king of Spain (r. 1808-1813) in his coronation robes, oil on canvas by François Gérard, 19th century. Musée national du Château de Fontainebleau.

Sanctuary of Asclepius, Asklepieion of Pergamon.

Soldiers of the Armée de Sambre-et-Meuse by Édouard Detaille, c. 1880.

A map depicting the final maneuvers in the Battle of Fleurus (26 June 1794) from around 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. Map by Talamioros, with OpenStreetMap, December 2021.