Images

Galleries of the Palais-Royal, c. 1800. By an anonymous author. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.

Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, also known as Philippe Égalité (1747-1793), oil on canvas portrait by Antoine-François Callet, c. late 18th century. Palace of Versailles.

Portrait of Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1747-1793) with the insignia of the Grand Orient of France. Oil on canvas portrait by Michel Garnier, 1781. Condé Museum, Chantilly.

A caricature of Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, aka Philippe Égalité, as the King of Spades, a mockery of his desires to become king. Illustration by an unknown author from Hector Fleischmann's La guillotine en 1793, 1908.

Portrait of Louis Philippe II d'Orléans, as the Duke of Chartres. Oil on canvas, after Joshua Reynolds, c. 1779. Musée Condé, Chantilly.

A map illustrating the scope and organization of the Roman provinces in Hispania (present-day Spain and Portugal.) Roman Spain was one of the first provinces beyond Italy; it took two centuries to conquer fully (starting with an invasion...

A detail of a contemporary print showing the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London which hosted the Great Exhibition from May to October in 1851. The innovative structure was designed by Sir Joseph Paxton (1801-1865) and created almost one...

A print of an original watercolour by Joseph Nash showing a section of the Indian Hall in the Crystal Palace of the Great Exhibition of 1851. (British Library, London)

An 1848 hand-coloured photograph of Albert, Prince Consort (l. 1819-1861), husband of Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901). Taken by William Edward Kilburn. (Royal Collection)

Portrait of the dauphin Louis-Charles de France (1785-1795), recognized by royalists as King Louis XVII of France. Oil on canvas by Alexander Kucharsky, 1792. Palace of Versailles.