Images

A scene from a modern production of Chikamatsu Monzaemon’s most famous historical play, Kikusenya Kassen ('The Battles of Coxinga'), written in 1715.

Self-portrait by Chikamatsu Monzemon (1653-1725 CE), the Japanese playwright.

The Battle of Thymbra (547 BCE) was the decisive engagement between Cyrus II (the Great, r. c. 550-530 BCE) of Persia and Croesus (r. 560-546 BCE), King of Lydia. The Persian victory, achieved in part by the use of camels, ended the Kingdom...

The entrance of the Church of Saint Pancrace in Aups after the 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State in France.

A photograph of Albert de Mun (l. 1841–1914), an anti-Republican deputy who vigorously opposed the separation of Church and State in France.

A c. 1914 photograph of Pope Pius X (1903-14). (National Portrait Gallery, London)

A c. 1900 photograph of Émile Loubet, President of the French Republic 1899-1906.

Sketch depicting Jean-Baptiste Carrier at his trial, for his participation in the Drownings at Nantes during the Reign of Terror. Carrier was executed on 16 December 1794. Drawing by Vivant Denon.

A photograph of the Italian King Victor Emmanuel III (r. 1900-46), taken between 1924 and 1934.

Half-naked prisoners are loaded into barges to be drowned in the middle of the Loire River, during the Drownings at Nantes. The victims were Vendean rebels, refractory Catholic priests and nuns, and other "counter-revolutionary" suspects...