Images

General Napoleon Bonaparte after beating the Austrians at the Battle of Lonato, 4 August 1796. By an unknown artist, 19th century.

General Napoleon Bonaparte as commander-in-chief of the Army of Italy, 1796-97. Painting by Edouard Detaille, 1907.

French General Charles-Pierre Augereau (1757-1816) leading troops at the Battle of Castiglione. Oil on canvas by Paul Émile Léon Perboyre, c. 19th century.

A map depicting the opening positions at the Battle of Castiglione (5 August 1796) with the French in blue and the Austrians in yellow.

Gold coin of Valentinian III, minted in Rome, 425-455. The British Museum, London.

Gold solidus of Galla Placidia, minted in Ravenna, 426-430 CE. The British Museum, London.

A c. 1896 oil on canvas painting, Steelworks, Cardiff, at Night, by Lionel Walden (1862-1933). (Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales)

Isabella of France, Detail from an illustration in the Grandes Chroniques de France (Français 6465, fol. 338v.) by Jean Fouquet, Tours, c. 1455-1460. National Library of France, Paris.

Battle of Lodi, 10 May 1796. Image by Carle Vernet / Johannes Allart. Museum of the French Revolution, Vizille.

At the Battle of Lodi, 24 French cannons were placed along the west bank of the Adda River to bombard the Austrian positions across the river. Image by Felicien de Myrbach-Rheinfeld, in Life of Napoleon Bonaparte by William M. Sloane. New...