Images

A portrait by Peter Lely of Mary, Princess of Orange. Mary was the daughter of James II of England and she married William, Prince of Orange in 1677. The couple would later become the king and queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Mary...

A portrait of James Stuart, son of James II of England. Known later as the Old Pretender because he claimed the throne abdicated by his father, James was born on 10 June 1688, and the arrival of a Catholic heir was one of the causes of the...

A gold five guinea coin minted in 1692 during the joint reign of William III of England (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II of England (r. 1689-1694). Bode-Museum, Berlin.

A 17th-century painting by Jan Wyck showing Prince William of Orange landing in England in November 1688, the beginning of the Glorious Revolution which saw him become William III of England (r. 1689-1702). (Royal Museums, Greenwich, London...

Portrait of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (l. 1747-92), wearing a field marshal's uniform. Painted in the workshop of Jean-Marc Nattier, c. 1790.

Meeting of European rulers at the Pillnitz Conference, famous for the Declaration of Pillnitz, which was issued on 27 August 1791 and threatened Revolutionary France with invasion. Depicted in the center are Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor...

Portrait of French revolutionary leader Georges Danton (1759-1794), c. 1790, oil on canvas by an anonymous painter. Musée Carnavalet, Paris.

Jean Sylvain Bailly, former mayor of Paris, being led to his execution by guillotine on 11 November 1793, primarily for his role in the Champ de Mars Massacre. This illsutration is by an unknown author from the 19th century.

Marquis de Lafayette, seated upon a white charger, orders his soldiers to fire on the demonstrators gathered on the Champ de Mars to petition for the removal of the king, under the leadership of the radical Cordeliers Club. Work by Ary Scheffer...

The Champ de Mars Massacre on 17 July 1791. The caption reads: "Men, women, children massacred on the altar of the fatherland at the Champ de la Federation". Bibliothèque nationale de France.