Images

The entrance of the Church of Saint Pancrace in Aups after the 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State in France.

A photograph of Albert de Mun (l. 1841–1914), an anti-Republican deputy who vigorously opposed the separation of Church and State in France.

A c. 1914 photograph of Pope Pius X (1903-14). (National Portrait Gallery, London)

A c. 1900 photograph of Émile Loubet, President of the French Republic 1899-1906.

Sketch depicting Jean-Baptiste Carrier at his trial, for his participation in the Drownings at Nantes during the Reign of Terror. Carrier was executed on 16 December 1794. Drawing by Vivant Denon.

A photograph of the Italian King Victor Emmanuel III (r. 1900-46), taken between 1924 and 1934.

Half-naked prisoners are loaded into barges to be drowned in the middle of the Loire River, during the Drownings at Nantes. The victims were Vendean rebels, refractory Catholic priests and nuns, and other "counter-revolutionary" suspects...

Painting dramatizing the Drownings at Nantes during the Reign of Terror. By an anonymous author, housed in the Château des ducs de Bretagne.

Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Carrier, who oversaw the slaughter of thousands of people during the Drownings at Nantes, part of the Reign of Terror. Drawing by Georges-François-Marie Gabriel, late 18th century. In the Musée Carnavalet.

Depiction of the Drownings at Nantes during the Reign of Terror; engraving by Charles François Gabriel Levache, c. 1797-1817. Housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France.