Images

A map illustrating the rise and expansion by conquest of the Frankish Carolingian ("descendants of Charles") dynasty during the rule of the son of Peppin the Short and grandson of Charles Martel, Charlemagne (768 - 814 CE). Under Charlemagne...

A portrait of William, Prince of Orange aged around 10 years old. The prince would become King William III of England after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Painting by Jan Davidsz. de Heem and Jan Vermeer van Utrecht. (Museum of Fine Arts...

A contemporary engraving showing the joint rulers William III of England (also William II of Scotland, r. 1689-1702) and Mary II of England (r. 1689-1694). (National Portrait Gallery, London)

A 1690 portrait by Godfrey Kneller of William III of England (aka William of Orange and William II of Scotland). Protestant William replaced James II of England in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He ruled jointly with his wife Queen Mary...

Coin commemorating the Declaration of Pillnitz, 1791.

A 1690 portrait by Godfrey Kneller of Mary II of England. Mary was the daughter of James II of England and she married William, Prince of Orange in 1677. The couple jointly ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland. Mary II reigned from 1689 to...

Statue of Saint Anselm of Canterbury (c. 1033-1109), from the exterior of Canterbury Cathedral.

Illuminated initial from the beginning of the prologue to Saint Anselm of Canterbury's Monologion, late 11th century. Bibliothèque municipale de Rouen.

A portrait by Peter Lely of Mary, Princess of Orange. Mary was the daughter of James II of England and she married William, Prince of Orange in 1677. The couple would later become the king and queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Mary...

A portrait of James Stuart, son of James II of England. Known later as the Old Pretender because he claimed the throne abdicated by his father, James was born on 10 June 1688, and the arrival of a Catholic heir was one of the causes of the...