Images

The Victoria Memorial, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), built in the first two decades of the 20th century in honour of Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901)

A c. 1665 illustration of the British East India Company's fort at Bombay (now Mumbai). (National Archives of the Netherlands, The Hague)

A 1665 painting by Hendrik van Schuylenbergh showing the Dutch East India Company (VOC) Trade Lodge in Hooghly, Bengal. (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)

Map of India with Sri Lanka, illustrating locations of European settlements in the subcontinent between 1501 and 1739.

An early 18th-century print showing Johann Tetzel (l.c. 1465-1519), a Dominican Friar who became famous as one of the most effective indulgence salesmen in the Catholic church.

Artist's impression of an Olmec religious ceremony atop a temple pyramid. Created by Amplitude Studios for the video game Humankind.

A detail of a turquoise mosaic mask representing Xiuhtecuhtli, the Aztec god of fire, 1400-1521 CE. The mask is of cedar wood with mother-of-pearl eyes, conch shell teeth and once with gold leaf on the eyelids. (The British Museum, London).

An Aztec pendant representing an animal head and covered in turquoise mosaic and with eyes rendered in shell and pyrite. 1400-1521, Mexico. Height 10 cm. (British Museum, London)

An example of the assignat banknote for 400 livres, issued in 1792 during the French Revolution. From the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution. Image by Godot13.

A c. 1930 photograph showing the use of horses to thresh grain across a threshing floor.