Images

Bird's eye view of the fort of Batticaloa, copperplate printing on paper by Johannes Janssonius Waasbergen, c. 1665. Nationaal Archief, The Hague.

Joris van Spilbergen meets the rulers of Ceylon at Kandy in 1602, lithograph, 19th century. Museum voor Land- en Volkenkunde, Rotterdam.

Map showing the geopolitical situation in Sri Lanka in the early part of the 16th century after the "Spoiling of Vijayabahu" in 1521.

The Town of Colombo, copper engraving, from a Dutch book, Reistogt naar en door Oostindien, Amsterdam, c. 1775, after an original engraving by Johannes Kip c. 1680.

A c. 1685 portrait of James II of England (r. 1685-1688) wearing his uniform as commander of the army. James reigned briefly as the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland until he was deposed by the Glorious Revolution of November 1688...

A portrait of James II of England (r. 1685-1688) who reigned briefly as the king of England, Scotland and Ireland until he was deposed by the Glorious Revolution of November 1688. This portrait was painted in the period 1650 to 1675. (Bolton...

Album leaf of shekasteh-ye nasta 'liq calligraphy, attributed to Mirza Kuchak, Iran, first half of the 19th century CE. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Nasta 'liq calligraphy by Isma'il Jalayir, Iran, c. 1860 CE. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Manuscript with verses in diagonal lines of nasta 'liq script, written by Mir Emad Hassani, Iran, c. 1608-9. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Album leaf with Shi'a invocation in nasta' liq calligraphy, written by Muhammad Salih, Northern India, 17th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.