Images

The Jallianwala Bagh, a large walled garden in Amritsar, India, photographed in 1919. The square was the site of the infamous Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of April 1919 when Brigadier-General Dyer ordered his men to shoot upon an unarmed crowd...

Arrest of the Girondin deputies by the National Guard at the National Convention, during the Insurrection of 2 June 1793, print by an unknown artist, c. 1817-1857. Musée Carnavalet, Paris.

Last Supper of the Girondins, on 30 October 1793, the night before their executions, oil on canvas by Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux, c. 1850. Museum of the French Revolution, Vizille.

Last Moments of the Girondins, painting by Karl von Piloty, 1880. Following their arrest on 2 June and their kangaroo court trial, 22 Girondin leaders are borne in a tumbril to the guillotine on 31 October 1793, during the Reign of Terror...

The Triumph of Marat, painting by Louis-Léopold Boilly, 1794. Following his acquittal before the Revolutionary Tribunal on 26 April 1793, inflammatory journalist Jean-Paul Marat is lifted on the shoulders of an ecstatic crowd of supporters...

The Insurrection of 2 June 1793, when over 80,000 armed Parisians and National Guardsmen besieged the National Convention, demanding the arrest of 22 Girondins. Hérault de Séchelles, the Convention's president is trying to get the insurrectionists...

Black-figured kyathos depicting Eris, Attica, Greece, c. 500 BCE. The British Museum, London.

Caricature depicting the separation of the church and the state, published in Le Rire, 1905. National Library of France, Paris.

Alphonse Aulard (l. 1849-1928), photo by Pierre Petit, 1892. National Library of France, Paris.

Émile Zola (l. 1840-1902), photo by Paul Nadar, c. 1898.