Images

Interior View of the Medicine Lodge, Mandan O‑kee-pa Ceremony, oil on canvas by George Catlin, 1832. Smithsonian American Art Museum

The Cutting Scene, Mandan O-kee-pa Ceremony, oil on canvas by George Catlin, 1832. Denver Art Museum.

An 1857 painting titled Galileo Facing the Roman Inquisition by Cristiano Banti. It shows the trial for heresy of the mathematician and astronomer Galileo (1564-1642) in 1633. Galileo was found guilty and sentenced to live under house arrest...

A c. 1602 oil-on-canvas portrait of Galileo (1564-1642) by Francesco Porcia. (Royal Museums Greenwich, London)

A c. 1640 portrait of Galileo (1564-1642) by Justus Sustermans. (Royal Museums Greenwich, London)

The period from Augustus (reign 27 BCE-14 CE) to Diocletian (reign 284-305 CE) marks the consolidation and transformation of Roman imperial rule across nearly three centuries. Emerging from the collapse of the Republic, Augustus established...

A map illustrating the rise and spread of the Second-Wave Civilizations between c. 500 BCE and 200 CE, including the most notable urban settlements where civilizations flourished, transforming societies through trade, cultural exchange, and...

Sioux: Black Rock with family, painting by George Catlin, 1854. Ethnological Museum, Berlin.

Eight Sioux in Front of Tipis on the Pine Ridge Reservation, photo taken by the Northwestern Photographic Company, circa 1891. Courtesy of the National Park Service, Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, Montana.

Self-torture in a Sioux Religious Ceremony, oil on canvas by George Catlin, 1835-1837. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington D.C.