Images

Pope Pius IV promulgates the bull Benedictus Deus, ratifying the Canons of the Council of Trent in 1564. Fresco by Pasquale Cati, 1588. Altemps Chapel, Santa Maria in Trastevere, Rome.

A map illustrating one of the most significant processes of the early modern period - the rise and decline of Spain between the late fifteenth and the late seventeenth centuries. From a patchwork of kingdoms in the north of the Iberian peninsula...

A 17th-century illustration showing the massacre of the Spanish community at Cumaná on Hispaniola in 1515. The community was an attempt at a more peaceful rule over indigenous peoples.

A 19th-century painting by Felix Parra (1845-1919) of the Dominican friar Bartolomé de Las Casas (1484-1566) who sought to end the abuses of indigenous peoples going on in the New World.

Alfred Dreyfus on Devil's Island in 1898, stereoscopy by F. Hamel, Altona-Hamburg.

Law of Separation of Churches and the State, 1905. National Archives of France.

J'Accuse, open letter about the Dreyfus Affair by Émile Zola, published in L'Aurore, 13 January 1898.

Alfred Dreyfus stripped of his rank, illustration published in the Petit Journal, 13 January 1895. National Library of France, Paris.

A map illustrating the establishment of the pilgrimage ('pilgrim' comes from the Latin word peregrinus - a stranger, someone on a journey) to holy places after Roman Emperor Constantine’s conversion to Christianity in 313 CE. The idea of...

Council of Trent (1545-1563), fresco by Pasquale Cati, 1588. Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere.