Images

Equestrian portrait of Charles I of Spain aka Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor by Titian depicting Charles V at the Battle of Mühlberg in April 1547 where he defeated the Protestant forces of the Schmalkaldic League, 1548. Museo del Prado...

Elector John Frederick I of Saxony (l. 1503-1554), portrait by Lucas Cranach the Younger, 1578. Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Dresden

Maurice of Saxony (1521-1553), oil on canvas portrait by Lucas Cranach the Younger, 1578. Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Dresden.

Portrait of Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba (l. 1507-1582) by Antonis Mor, 1557. Hispanic Society Museum and Library, New York.

Portrait of Philip I of Hesse (l. 1504-1567) as a young man, c. 1560.

The Helm of Awe (Icelandic: Ægishjálmur), a magical symbol (stave) recorded in an Icelandic manuscript in the 1600s. The term is attested in the Old Norse poem Fáfnismál (1200s) in the context of the fight between the hero Sigurd and...

Pendant with a Borre-style design of a gripping beast inside a frame further decorated with four protruding animal heads. Small areas of gilding and niello are in evidence on the surface of the pendant. Found at Norfolk, England, 10th century...

A detail of the Civil War memorial window showing different soldier types at St. Chad's Church, Farndon, Cheshire. Created after the Restoration of 1660.

A stoneware portrait bust of Prince Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Bavaria (l. 1619-1682). Rupert was the nephew of Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) and led the Royalist cavalry during the English Civil Wars (1642-51...

A portrait of General David Leslie, Lord Newark (c. 1600-82) who commanded the Scottish garrison at Edinburgh during the Third English Civil War (1650-1). Leslie was defeated by the English Parliament's New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell...